lighthod Human Soul Exposed in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness Essays

The Human Soul Exposed in The Heart of loathsomeness In Joseph Conrads novel, The Heart of Darkness, Charlie Marlow narrates the story of his journey into the dark continent, Africa. Through his experiences he learns a lot ab turn out himself and about the nature of mankind. He discovers that all macrocosm have the capability within themselves to do good or evil. Outside circumstances substantially influence which path a human will take. Marlow travels not only through the darkness of Africa, precisely also through the darkness of the human soul. England sent missionaries to help civilize the natives of Africa. To Marlow, this is the purpose of colonization. During his journey he comes to travel to how the Africans are exploited for their labor and the natural resources of the land. They were dying slowly . . . nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation. . . brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the legality of time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundi ngs, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest. (p.83). As the quote implies, after the natives served their purpose they were plainly ignored. What started out to be a good cause became distorted by the greed for ivory and other riches. The natives were weak and no competition for the civilized economically motivated Englishmen. There was no resistance. They were conquerors, and for that you want only brute force - nothing to boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident arising from the weakness of others. They grabbed what they could exit for the sake of what was to be got. (p.70). Instead of being colonizers, the circumstances allowed the British to become conquerors. In the same way that Englands motives changed, so does the motives of many of the individuals who enter the dark continent. Kurtz starts out being the best agent the Ivory Company sends to Africa. He comes there with good intentio ns, not only to do his job for the company, but also he wants to help the natives. As Kurtz himself states, Each station should be like a beacon on the road towards better things, a centre for trade of course, but also for humanizing, improving, instructing. (p.104). Obsessed with meeting Kurtz, Marlow finally realizes the man he is seeking has become evil and is exploiting the same people that he initially wanted to help.

Gun Control Controls Nothing Essay examples -- ban on assault rifles

More and more frequently, we are saddened by the news of mass shootings. Whether it takes place in a school or public area, these shootings are both disastrous and mortifying. Families begin to feel anger and sadness, and demand immediate justice. Although these terrible events continue to happen, there have been no significant steps interpreted towards the reduction in the number of weapons specifically assault rifles. This leads one to question do we need to ban the right to possess such weapons? If the possession of these weapons is non made illegal, we run the risk of a nonher attack. While there is no questioning the severity of these mass shootings, a ban on assault rifles is not the answer because they are not the cause of such events, and it is a constitutional right to own them.In 1994, Congress passed the Federal Assault Weapons Ban which eliminated the manufacturing of genuine assault rifles for private use (Plumer). This bill expired in 2004, though, and was never redr afted. Many mass shootings in the last few years, especially ones at Virginia Tech, a movie theater in Colorado, and Sandy Hook elementary school in Connecticut have stirred up pressure to pass a new bill. Following the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut last December, California Senator, Dianne Feinstein, drafted a bill to potentially ban the sale, transfer, manufacturing, and importation of assault rifles. This bill includes a ban on semiautomatic rifles, pistols, shotguns, and handguns. Additionally, it bans 157 other specifically-named firearms and certain ammunition feeding devices (Feinstein). Excluded from this ban are registered weapons at the date of the bills enactment and assault weapons used by military, law enforc... ...n-one-post/.Pratt, Erich. Background Checks Would Not Have Stopped Sandy Hook Shooter. US News. U.S.News & World Report, 18 Jan. 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. .Rosenberg, Jennifer. Prohibition. 20th Century History. About.com, 2 013. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. .Sandy Hook Elementary Shooting What Happened? CNN. Cable News Network, 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. .The Numbers Count Mental Disorders in America. subject area Institute of Mental Health, 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. .

Hard Times - The Theme of Education Essay -- English Literature

Hard Times - The Theme of EducationIn this piece I mean to explain how monster is trying to representeducation in the Victorian era and how he feels about the tendency ofteaching that is widely used during his times. I also intend to makereferences to how the representation of Victorian schools by ogrecompares, historically to the actual conditions in a school from theVictorian era. As soon as the intensity begins we are introduced to a style of teachingthat is dependent only on facts. One of the main characters of thenovel is Thomas Gradgrind and he is the enforcer of this utilitarianstyle of education and is described as a man who is very strict.Dickens introduces us to this character with a description of his mostcentral feature his laggard appearance and strength. Stick tofacts, sir This exclamation suggests that the character likes toshout and sound firm. The short, punchy sentence suggests an assertiveand strong character.Dickens also makes Gradgrind come along tiresome and grating by the gravellyand rough sound of his name and how it is pronounced. Grind, inparticular suggests the grindstone, and flogging away at workconstantly and is associated with the mechanical, repetitive drudgeryof the grinder system.Dickens also employs the outer appearance of Gradgrind to parallel theinner personality of Gradgrind, Square coat, square shoulders andsquare legs. This seems to highlight Gradgrinds nature ofunrelenting rigidity. Dickens also uses tricolons to really exaggeratethe impression of this character being dull, boring and old fashioned.As a result, his educational ideas are seen to be dull and boring too.We get the overall impression from Dickens that he doesnt... ...stressed by the factory style approach to the children and theireducation. He exaggerates this to show the production line attitudeto education is wrong and does not help the child. He believes thatthe school in Hard Times treats all children the same and there is noexception to the ru le. He sees it as a rather utilitarian styleapproach, a one size fits all kind of regime and believes that thissystem has obviously failed. His distress seem to turn to the kind ofanger a activist would show in a protest and in a way his writing ofthe book is his skeletal system of a protest which is made through humour. Hestrongly believes that children at such an early stage in theirchildhood are too teenage to be exposed to such a formal and rigorousstyle of education and should instead be allowed to express theiremotions and have their youthful imaginations nurtured.

Comparison essay amd vs intel -- Computer Science

Comparison essay amd vs intelEnglish III suck upim personal computer history there has been a monopoly on mainframe computers that fraternity is Intel but that is changing by the day.There is a processor called AMD (advanced micro devices) before longleading in the silicon race for the fastest processor at an affordableprice. No longer shall Intel lead the market when AMD makes its namesuperior.A central processor is a microprocessor that is generally constructed with millionsof tiny switches called transistors that are imbedded in silicon. Theouter collection plate is ceramic with gold pins protruding out of the processorto make a participation with the motherboard. The function of theprocessor is to take the data from retrospect, (a storage device) or an outside(a) controller like a keyboard, joystick, or scanner. This isdetermined in the program by sending messages to the processor inbinary language. Binary language is move to the processor commandingthe transistors to fl ip on or off, (on equals one and off equalszero). The processor is placed on a motherboard with a peck speed ofthat to ensure the processor. This allows the processor to go as fastas the wires making up the bus can handle. This means the lessresistance in the wire the high-speed your system can release. The bus ismeasured in megahertz ( megacycle) and is connected to the reminiscence for theprocessor to store in memory. The faster the operation can go past the infract the system operates. The central processor has a clock speed that tells youhow many trading operations can happen in one second. A CPUs clock is lay downby multiplying the processor megahertz by 1,000,000. If you have a 500MHz processor then the operations will equal 500,000,000 per second.The operation, is the individual commands direct by the program. Thefaster the processors bus and clock speed the faster FPUs (floatingpoint units). This is the numeric part of the processor. Thisallows the binary to work faster.Now that the processor has been explained. Why is AMD is better? Inthe beginning, AMD made CPUs (central processing units) in the secondIBM compatible desktop systems constantly developed. There are now threecompetitors in the processor race AMD, Intel, and Transmeta Crusoe.The relevance of this is that Intels Processor will still be the mostexpensive CPU with no extras. Intel has had problems in the past asKam, from the UK says, It... ...an AMD Athlon.Networking is a complicated suppose with older slower computers theAthlon is the key to the networking stability. This makes a networkwith minimal problems and high-end data pass through possible. Thereis a bottleneck theory that is related to memory and networking. Inmemory it is caused by having to slow of memory on to fast of a bus.This will not happen if the AMD Athlon System has PC133 memory.Intel had programs made by the monopolization of Microsoft Windows3.1x, 95x, 98x this made it hard for AMD to compete in the past. Microsoft Windows 2000 will now incorporate programming made to runwindows faster more reliable and be compiled to run better on theAthlon systems. With Intel out of the way, on top end networking AMDcan consecrate into the lead in one more area. Listen to what AMD has to say active this project. Microsoft and AMD worked together throughout thedesign process to help ensure the combination of floating-point feat of the AMD Athlon processor and Microsofts Windows 2000Professional will provide a reliable and superior businessplatform that meets the needs of business customers today and wellinto the future. Comparison essay amd vs intel -- Computer ScienceComparison essay amd vs intelEnglish IIIThroughout personal computer history there has been a monopoly onprocessors that company is Intel but that is changing by the day.There is a processor called AMD (advanced micro devices) currentlyleading in the silicon race for the fastest processor at an affordableprice. No lo nger shall Intel lead the market when AMD makes its namesuperior.A CPU is a microprocessor that is generally constructed with millionsof tiny switches called transistors that are imbedded in silicon. Theouter shell is ceramic with gold pins protruding out of the processorto make a connection with the motherboard. The function of theprocessor is to take the data from memory, (a storage device) or anoutside controller like a keyboard, joystick, or scanner. This isdetermined in the program by sending messages to the processor inbinary language. Binary language is sent to the processor commandingthe transistors to flip on or off, (on equals one and off equalszero). The processor is placed on a motherboard with a bus speed ofthat to match the processor. This allows the processor to go as fastas the wires making up the bus can handle. This means the lessresistance in the wire the faster your system can run. The bus ismeasured in megahertz (MHz) and is connected to the memory for theproces sor to store in memory. The faster the operation can occur thebetter the system operates. The CPU has a clock speed that tells youhow many operations can happen in one second. A CPUs clock is foundby multiplying the processor megahertz by 1,000,000. If you have a 500MHz processor then the operations will equal 500,000,000 per second.The operation, is the individual commands sent by the program. Thefaster the processors bus and clock speed the faster FPUs (floatingpoint units). This is the mathematical part of the processor. Thisallows the binary to work faster.Now that the processor has been explained. Why is AMD is better? Inthe beginning, AMD made CPUs (central processing units) in the secondIBM compatible desktop systems ever developed. There are now threecompetitors in the processor race AMD, Intel, and Transmeta Crusoe.The relevance of this is that Intels Processor will still be the mostexpensive CPU with no extras. Intel has had problems in the past asKam, from the UK says, It ... ...an AMD Athlon.Networking is a complicated job with older slower computers theAthlon is the key to the networking stability. This makes a networkwith minimal problems and high-end data pass through possible. Thereis a bottleneck theory that is related to memory and networking. Inmemory it is caused by having to slow of memory on to fast of a bus.This will not happen if the AMD Athlon System has PC133 memory.Intel had programs made by the monopolization of Microsoft Windows3.1x, 95x, 98x this made it hard for AMD to compete in the past.Microsoft Windows 2000 will now incorporate programming made to runwindows faster more reliable and be compiled to run better on theAthlon systems. With Intel out of the way, on top end networking AMDcan pull into the lead in one more area. Listen to what AMD has to sayabout this project. Microsoft and AMD worked together throughout thedesign process to help ensure the combination of floating-pointperformance of the AMD Athlon processor and Micr osofts Windows 2000Professional will provide a reliable and high-performance businessplatform that meets the needs of business customers today and wellinto the future.

Models of Criminal Justice: Exploring the Probation System Essay

Introduction There are three theories or models of turn justice. The beginning(a) one is the retributive surmise while the second is the rehabilitative theory and the last is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the punishment of mountain by putt them in boot camps , in order to deter their ways. Such instills stop and fear , which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people budge their ways reduce crime (The U .S . Penal dodge tonic water and /or Retributive Justice . The third one aims to reintroduce and re-incorporate the persons stick out into the community after retribution or rehabilitation .The first one is optimistic and believes that people are innately good much(prenominal) that prison cells are reinforced so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings . This tradition believes that accordingly spiritual transformation may take dumbfound thus rehabilitating such person . On the other hand , the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to bring about obedience. What is done is to instill habits of work in people, admirer build their skills then they will be rehabilitated . The third one, which believes that true rehabilitation takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, seeks to (1 )deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of captivity looms (2 ) incapacitate the offender to stop the individual from possibly endangering others (3 ) punish the criminal by serving time and living a restricted lifestyle and (4 ) rehabilitate them for release into society (Fuller , 125-27).By t... ...nistered in the community- for offenders considered nonviolent and low risk. (William H Dimascio, Seeking Justice Crime and Punishment in American (New York Edna McConnell Foundation, 1997),p.43Conclusi on I found an article from the Palm Beach Post were a 19-year gaga woman dodged a lengthy prison sentence for DUI manslaughter involving the death of two people and injury to two others. The Circuit Judge sentenced a sophomore aid the University of Florida to 15 years in prison, then suspended the sentence and put her on probation with a host of special conditions one is that she spends a year in jail upon completion of her college degree. The other is her license is permanently revoked, although she can apply for a hardship license. There are other conditions, but know she is designate a felon on any job applications she applies for. (Spencer-Wendell, 2009) Models of Criminal Justice Exploring the Probation System EssayIntroduction There are three theories or models of criminal justice. The first one is the retributive theory while the second is the rehabilitative theory and the last is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the punishme nt of people by putting them in boot camps , in order to deter their ways. Such instills discipline and fear , which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people change their ways reduce crime (The U .S . Penal System Restorative and /or Retributive Justice . The third one aims to reintroduce and re-incorporate the persons back into the community after retribution or rehabilitation .The first one is optimistic and believes that people are innately good such that prison cells are built so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings . This tradition believes that then spiritual transformation may take place thus rehabilitating such person . On the other hand , the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to bring about obedience. What is done is to instill habits of work in people, help build their skills then they will be rehabilitated . The third one, which believes that t rue rehabilitation takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, seeks to (1 )deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of incarceration looms (2 ) incapacitate the offender to stop the individual from possibly endangering others (3 ) punish the criminal by serving time and living a restricted lifestyle and (4 ) rehabilitate them for release into society (Fuller , 125-27).By t... ...nistered in the community- for offenders considered nonviolent and low risk. (William H Dimascio, Seeking Justice Crime and Punishment in American (New York Edna McConnell Foundation, 1997),p.43Conclusion I found an article from the Palm Beach Post were a 19-year old woman dodged a lengthy prison sentence for DUI manslaughter involving the death of two people and injury to two others. The Circuit Judge sentenced a sophomore attending the University of Florida to 15 years in prison, then suspended the sentence and put her on probation with a host of special conditions one is that she spends a year in jail upon completion of her college degree. The other is her license is permanently revoked, although she can apply for a hardship license. There are other conditions, but know she is labeled a felon on any job applications she applies for. (Spencer-Wendell, 2009)

Models of Criminal Justice: Exploring the Probation System Essay

Introduction There are three theories or models of criminal justice. The first ane is the punitive theory while the second is the rehabilitative theory and the furthermost is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the punishment of people by putting them in boot camps , in order to deter their shipway. Such instills discipline and forethought , which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people change their ways reduce crime (The U .S . Penal System Restorative and /or Retributive Justice . The third one aims to reintroduce and re-incorporate the somebodys back into the club after retribution or rehabilitation .The first one is approving and believes that people are innately good such that prison cells are reinforced so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings . This tradition believes that then apparitional transformation may take place thus rehabilitating such person . On the other hand , the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to act as about obedience. What is done is to instill habits of work in people, help gird their skills then they will be rehabilitated . The third one, which believes that true rehabilitation takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, seeks to (1 )deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of incarceration looms (2 ) incapacitate the offender to stop the individual from possibly endangering others (3 ) punish the criminal by serving time and living a restricted lifestyle and (4 ) rehabilitate them for throw out into society (Fuller , 125-27).By t... ...nistered in the community- for offenders considered nonviolent and low risk. (William H Dimascio, desire Justice Crime and Punishment in American (New York Edna McConnell Foundation, 1997),p.43Conclusion I put t ogether an article from the Palm Beach Post were a 19-year old muliebrity dodged a lengthy prison sentence for DUI manslaughter involving the death of two people and brand to two others. The Circuit Judge sentenced a sophomore attending the University of Florida to 15 years in prison, then suspended the sentence and put her on probation with a host of special conditions one is that she spends a year in poky upon completion of her college degree. The other is her license is permanently revoked, although she can apply for a sharpness license. There are other conditions, but know she is labeled a felon on any job applications she applies for. (Spencer-Wendell, 2009) Models of Criminal Justice Exploring the Probation System raiseIntroduction There are three theories or models of criminal justice. The first one is the retributive theory while the second is the rehabilitative theory and the last is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the p unishment of people by putting them in boot camps , in order to deter their ways. Such instills discipline and fear , which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people change their ways reduce crime (The U .S . Penal System Restorative and /or Retributive Justice . The third one aims to reintroduce and re-incorporate the persons back into the community after retribution or rehabilitation .The first one is optimistic and believes that people are innately good such that prison cells are built so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings . This tradition believes that then spiritual transformation may take place thus rehabilitating such person . On the other hand , the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to bring about obedience. What is done is to instill habits of work in people, help build their skills then they will be rehabilitated . The third one, which believes that true rehabilitation takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, seeks to (1 )deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of incarceration looms (2 ) incapacitate the offender to stop the individual from possibly endangering others (3 ) punish the criminal by serving time and living a restricted lifestyle and (4 ) rehabilitate them for release into society (Fuller , 125-27).By t... ...nistered in the community- for offenders considered nonviolent and low risk. (William H Dimascio, Seeking Justice Crime and Punishment in American (New York Edna McConnell Foundation, 1997),p.43Conclusion I found an article from the Palm Beach Post were a 19-year old woman dodged a lengthy prison sentence for DUI manslaughter involving the death of two people and injury to two others. The Circuit Judge sentenced a sophomore attending the University of Florida to 15 years in prison , then suspended the sentence and put her on probation with a host of special conditions one is that she spends a year in jail upon completion of her college degree. The other is her license is permanently revoked, although she can apply for a hardship license. There are other conditions, but know she is labeled a felon on any job applications she applies for. (Spencer-Wendell, 2009)

Quarry Bank Mill †questions and answers Essay

1) Why did Samuel Greg establish a cotton fiber submarine sandwich in Styal in 1784?Greg established a cotton mill rather than a silk mill or different type of manufacturing plant because cotton was the material that everyone c every last(predicate) fored. Greg was a cotton merchant so he knew of all(prenominal) the advances in technology that were making it easier for cotton to be spun and woven. He knew that the machines making peoples jobs easier were too big to fit in their houses as they had done in the past, so he decided that if he create a mill to house them then(prenominal) he could crop a lot of money seeing as cotton was in demand.Greg was a cotton merchant, so he knew the area. In the summer people would be farming, and in the winter they would be spinning cotton. Greg knew that these people would want a regular job to do all social class so cotton was a in force(p) industry as they were already experienced at it, and wasnt as laborious as farming. Also, due to the invention of John Kays flying birdie in 1733, the spinners were struggling to economize up, as they could non spin enough thread for the weavers. Greg knew this so he decided that is he had a lot of spinners then he would be paid lots because thread for weaving was in high demand.Greg established his mill in 1784 because this was when the visibles for cotton manufacture machines ran out. In 1771 Arkwright invented the weeweeframe which was a spinning machine powered by water. More cotton could be made, so the price would drop which meant to a greater extent people would buy cotton. However, Arkwright had a patent on this machine so it was very expensive. Greg had probably been waiting until the patent on it ran out before he built his mill.The Arkwright waterframe needed a water supply, and Styal was the perfect place for Greg to score his mill. The land on which he built his mill was hilly, so very cheap because it was too steep for farming. It cost Greg closely 2 per ye ar to rent this land off the Earl of Stamford. The land that he bought had steep sides because it was part of a valley with a stream at the bottom. at that place were no factories upstream so in that respect was no abbreviateg disturbing the waterpower, so Greg had a fast, regular supply of energy.Greg had the money to rent this land and afford to build a mill and employ live oners because when he was 9 he moved to Manchester to live with his uncles who were in the cotton trade. He inherited 10,000 from one uncle when he died, and when the other uncle retired he left Greg 25,000 worth of business to Greg when he was 24.Styal was also a good place to build a mill because it was roughly to Manchester so in that location was a good conduct carcass. Cotton was transported from Egypt and India to Liverpool, and from Liverpool it was taken along the Bridgewater canal to Broadheath. It would then be taken from Broadheath by horse and cart to Styal. This transport system was good fro Greg because it made the raw cotton accessible, and it was reliable so he could always have a steady incoming supply of cotton, and he could transport his own spun cotton to cotton merchants so had a steady income.Coursework Quarry Bank Mill2) To what extent do the Gregs deserve their reputation as good employers?Samuel Greg seems like a good employer, but there are cases against him, and cases which enhance his reputation as a good mill owner.The working conditions in the mill were quite loud. seeded players from the mill show us that there was fine cotton in the air, which got into peoples lungs and caused lung problems for workers. Also, the cotton was highly flammable, so a tiny detonate from one of the machines could start a onrush. The floors and ceiling support beams were made out of wood, which was also a fire hazard. However, Greg covered the ceilings with metal panels, and had stone staircases for a fire escape where people would be safe. In the mill it was very hot an d humid because cotton was stronger when it was damp. Employees couldnt open windows because they had to keep conditions like this, so they were agonistic to work in a hot and damp factory.The machines were all packed tightly into the factory and there were no safety guards so it was very low-cal to get caught up in the machines. However, sources from the mill show that there were very rarely any deaths from people getting caught in machines, although not all cases may have been recorded for the mill to avoid a bad, dangerous reputation. In the factory it would have been loud because of all the machines, so the workers put cotton in their ears to reduce the damage, as earmuffs only became law in 1986. Despite the fact these working conditions werent the best to be working in, all other mill were the same and possibly worse.The hours people worked were fairly similar to the hours worked by people at other mills. However, all ages worked the same. Sources at the mill, and source A tells us that all employees worked 68 hours a week. However, Source A was written in 1834, and the factory act was passed the year before in 1833. The factory act stated that 9-13 year olds only worked a 48 hour week, but Greg was making them work the same hours as all other employees over 13. However, there was no file away of births until 1837, which meant that you didnt know how old children were, so magistrates couldnt prove that Greg was breaking the law. Also, other factory owners were doing just the same, and breaking other laws such as the dark working of children, and making them work under the age of 9, whereas Greg was obeying these rules. Also, Greg employed families, so they could all work together, and employed apprentices.In Source A, Greg states that no children under 12 were made to work, however Greg wrote this himself so he could easily have lied as no inspector came to make sure he was telling the truth. Also, there were no birth certificates so it was impossib le to prove how old the children actually were so Greg could make under 12s work and get away with it.Greg did not recall in punishing his workers, due to his religion, so there was no corporal punishment inflicted on his employees. Source A proves that Greg did not enforce corporal punishments, however, Source A is a questionnaire sent to Greg to wait on about his own mill. The factory commissioners did not visit the mill they just relied on the answers to the questionnaire given to them by the factory owners. Greg could have been biased in his answers because it was his own mill so he would probably have lied to make his mill seem better. Also, question 64 asks if any complaints have been taken against him or any overseers on the punishment of employees. No answer is given to this question, which makes it seem dubious. Either Greg was guilty and did not want to lie so he gave no answer, or he was beingness truthful and no complaint had been alleged so he did not answer because there had been no cases.Despite these details making Greg seem a good employer, there is also the case of Esther Price. Source C says that she was put in solitary confinement in a dungeon with windows darkened by boards being nailed up against them on the inside. Price was supposed to have been in this room for 5 days without light, fire or a bed. However it is said that she escaped after finding out a dead clay was in the room next to her and she was so terrified she managed to escape. This story seems a bit extreme, and is probably biased because it was written by John Doherty, who was campaigning for less(prenominal) working hours for mill employees, so he would be extremely critical and would probably exaggerate the details. We do not know how old Esther Price was, or whether she was a typical worker, or an exception.Also, if she had skipped work, why didnt they just shave her head like they did to punish other girls, or just make her work through her break times to make up for the work lost. She was supposed to have been kept in a dungeon but we do not know how big this room was, or whether it really was a dungeon. If Greg was not big on punishments, then why have a dungeon specifically for solitary confinement, and if the boards keeping out the light were nailed on the inside, then why couldnt the prisoner just pull them off? Greg was well known for being a good employer and running a good mill, so Doherty probably chose him to pick on to damage his reputation. Also, Esther stayed on at the mill after she was 21 and was allowed to leave the apprentice house, so her experience couldnt have been that bad otherwise she would have left and got another job somewhere else.Sources at the mill tell us that the locks Gregs workers received were less than in other mills, but the conditions were better, and better housing was provided. Greg built a village near to the mill for his workers to live in. The rent for these houses was less than in other places, and th e houses themselves were better than in other places. Greg built two-up-two-down houses, which had more room and were better than the back-to-back houses built in other cities because instead of having a family or more in each room, you had a family in each half of the room so it was more hygienic. There were outside toilets for each of these houses in the small yard at the back, and there were allotments so workers could grow their own food and spend their money on other things. In this village, there was also a bakers, a few shops and a church for workers.In the apprentice house, apprentices were given a healthy diet, and were feed twice every day, which was extremely good as in other workplaces they would sometimes not receive any food in one day. Workers in the mill had a breakfast time before they started work they stopped for lunch and then could have their own evening meal when they got home. Source B states that apprentices had every day, which would have been quite expensi ve. On the other hand, this source was written by Andrew Ure who was convinced that factories were a good way to keep children happy and employed. He was writing to argue that factories were good so would probably be biased. Sources at the mill show there was a doctor that regularly visited the apprentice house. health care was not a necessity, so Greg was ahead of the future laws be making sure his apprentices were in good health and were cared for when sick.Greg made sure that the apprentices attended give instruction regularly and they were taught how to read, write and some maths. This was probably for his own benefit because if his employees could read then they could read signs put up about hour or wage changes, or could go on to work sorting out the mills finances or something that required more than just a person with thin nimble fingers. In the workers village there was a church, and workers and apprentices attended the church regularly.Despite the cases against him, Greg appears to be a good employer. He was keeping almost all his working conditions within the law, and the factory conditions were no worse than other factories. He was educating his apprentices which was giving them a chance of a good future, and was sending them to church which wasnt necessary but he wanted them to go anyway. He employed a doctor which wasnt a requirement, so he wanted to keep his apprentices in good health. He also did not enforce physical punishments, and there were hardly any deaths.He provided them with cheap rent for good houses. I think that Greg was a good employer, but he did have an ulterior motive, which was money. By educating his apprentices they could do other jobs for him, which brought in more money than working machines. He may have built a mill purely because he was concerned about the families going out of business because of the new machines, or he would rather they worked in a factory with better conditions like his, or he built the mill because h e wanted to make money, and he could make enough to afford to keep his workers happy.

Necessity Of Optical Amplifiers Computer Science Essay

hybridization Raman and atomic number 68 Doped fictional character Amplifiers ( HFAs ) argon a engineering for approaching heavy wavelength-division-multiplexing ( DWDM ) multitera microchip systems. HFAs are designed in order to exploit the infection length and to minimise the damages of lineament nonlinearities, and to heighten the bandwidth of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) .This projection simulates and evaluates the universe monstrance of intercrossed Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers in ocular transmission system systems utilizing Optisystem package. Since the public redeemation of the amplifier is influenced by the parametric quantity of optic Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , fight Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise frame of reference, the contrast brush in this undertaking is to happen the best design parametric quantity for supreme approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers.Optisystem package is utilize as the cloa k tools for the whole undertaking. Optisystem package is based on realistic mold of fiber ocular communications systems and serves a broad telescope of applications, indeed it is an ideal simulation tools for this undertaking.AimsThe aims of the undertaking areto plan intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers utilizing Optisystem package.to run a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance in optical transmittal system utilizing the intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers.to measure the public presentation of the crossing Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers based on the amplifier s appurtenance, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , Noise auspicate, and etc.to break apart the fake in physical bodyations obtained from Optisystem package.Problem StatementOptical amplifiers have proceed a necessary constituent in long-haul roughage ocular systems cod to the demand for longer transmittal len gths. The effects of dissipate and fading seat be minimized in long-haul optical systems due to the innovation of Semiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) , and Raman optical amplifiers. iodine of the defects of EDFAs is their non flat-gain features across a given optical spectrum. In peculiar, the entree leg is healthy less at the terminal of the L-band amid about 1600 nanometer and 1620 nanometer. Fortunately, the asset degree of such amplifiers can be r force outered well level across the L-band window by the exercising of addition flattening filters which are optically coupled surrounded by the spirals of Er doped persona. However, the usage of such filters final results in a spicyer noise move into in the channels holding wavelengths in the 1600-1620 nanometer scope. The well higher noise figure in the 1600-1620 nanometer scope economic crisisers the useable bandwidth available from such EDFA amplifiers.Raman amplifiers similarly have non-flat addition features. A typical Raman addition degree curve has minimal additions at about 1570 nanometer, 1595 nanometer, and 1620 nanometer, and upper limits at 1585 nanometer and 1610 nanometer. A addition flattening filter can be applied to redact down this fluctuation but pull up stakes merely be optimized at a one-on-one operating addition value. Additionally, there is the desire to minimise the figure of addition blandishing filters in the system and the loss they incur.Clearly, there is a demand to cut down the maximal Noise Figure in EDFA addition, every bit good as to further flatten the addition curve in Raman-type amplifiers in order to cut down prefigure losingss throughout the web.The innovation is a intercrossed optical symptom amplifier that reduces the maximal Noise Figure of an EDFA while flattening the addition of a Raman amplifier without compromising optical maser wield efficiency. in that locationfore, this undertaking simulates and e valuates the public presentation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) in optical transmittal systems to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers.ScopeThis undertaking entrust concentrate oldtimerly on the simulation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) utilizing Optisystem package. The public presentation of the amplifier will be evaluated dep abrogate on amplifier s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise Figure obtained from the simulation of a individual port fiber transmittal nexus. The fiction or development of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) will non be covered in this undertaking.Undertaking Out beginsIt is evaluate that at the terminal of the undertaking, a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifi ers can be obtained.MethodologyThis undertaking starts with the meddling of beginning and information respect loanblend Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) . The beginning and information are acquired from diary, mention books, e-Books, magazine and cyberspace. The circuit conventional plat of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) is determined from the diary and simulate utilizing Optisystem package. All the parametric quantity likes amplifier s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise Figure that determines the public presentation of the HFAs is analyzed. The simulation procedure is repeated until the design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers can be obtained.Thesis StructureChapter 1 The first chapter provides a general inspiration for the undertaking. It includes the overview of undertaking the aims of undertaking, job statement, range of the undertaking and undertaking results.Chapter 2 Undertaking s background is illustrated in this chapter. By and large, this chapter summaries the literature reappraisal that have been studied. The construct and theory of the circuit conventional diagram of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) that is utilize for simulation will be explained in this chapter.Chapter 3 The 3rd chapter is discussed about the methodological analysis of the undertaking. The method, stuffs and processs used to carry on the undertaking in accomplishing the aims of the undertaking is explained in interior informations.Chapter 4 The chapter four will show all the simulation consequence from the Optisystem package. All the graphs and tabular arraies obtained from the simulation will be discussed in inside informations.Chapter 5 The last chapter will reason all the findings and consequences obtained throughout the undertaking. The consequences will be evaluated based on th e findings and the aims of the undertaking. Recommendations for future surveies besides will be included in this chapter.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Optical AmplifiersOptical amplifiers have become a necessary constituent in long-haul fibre ocular systems due to the demand for longer transmittal lengths. The effects of distribution and fading can be minimized in long-haul optical systems due to the innovation of Semiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) , and Raman optical amplifiers.Optical Amplifier has three applicationsSupporterIn-linePre-AmplifierThe transmittal side of the nexus is operated by a supporter amplifier, having a high input power, medium optical addition, and high end product power. The supporters are designed to magnify aggregative optical input power to make extension.The focus of an optical nexus is operated by an inline amplifier. It acts as a medium to moo input power, high end product power, high optical addition, and a low Noise Figure. It is designed for optical expanding upon on the chief optical nexus in the midst of two web nodes.The having terminal of an optical nexus is operated by a pre-amplifier. It functions as a medium to moo input power, medium end product power, and medium addition. Pre-amplifiers are besides designed for optical elaboration to counterbalance for the losingss in a demultiplexer located near the optical receiving system.2.1.1 Semiconductor Optical AmplifiersSemiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) really are laser rectifying tubes, with fibre attached to both(prenominal) terminals and do non hold terminal mirrors. The optical guide can comes from either side of the fibre, amplified by the semiconducting material optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , and the signal comes out from the second fibre. They are typically made in little bundle, and work for 1310 nanometer and 1550nm systems. Besides, the decreased size of the SOAs makes it an advantage over regenerators of EDFAs by conveying bidirectional. However, the disadvantage of SOAs includes polarization dependance, high-coupling loss, and a higher noise figure. Figure 1 demonstrates the rudimentss of a semiconducting material optical amplifier. 1 Semiconductor Optical AmplifierFigure 2.1 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier 1 2.1.2 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( EDFA )Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( EDFA ) is an optical amplifier that uses an optical fibre as a addition medium to magnify an optical signal. Rare-earth component Er ions Er3+ dope the core group of the optical fibre. There are three practical results for the signal photon, if a optical maser signal with a wavelength between 1520 and 1570 nanometer, and a 974 pump optical maser are fed into an erbium-doped fibre at the same time, as shown in Figure 2.2.Figure 2.2 Simplified energy degree of Er3+ ions in Erbium-doped fiber 2 stimulated soaking up signal photon excites an erbium ion from the province E1 to a higher degree E2 and go annihilated in the procedurestimulated hike signal photon stimulates an Er ion at province E2 to disintegrate to E1, bring forthing another indistinguishable photon. Thus the signal is amplified.signal photon can propagate unaffected through the fibre. In the mean while, self-generated emanation ever occurs between degree E2 and degree E1.The population inversion os achieved between the energy degree E2 and E1 of erbium-doped fibre when pump optical maser power is high plenty. Thus, the input laser signal passing through the fibre is so amplified. The erbium-doped fibre and pump optical maser can be used to build an optical amplifier, viz. erbium-doped fibre amplifier ( EDFA ) .Pump optical maser could besides magnify the self-generated emanation. Therefore, ASE is ever present in EDFA, and it s the chief beginning of noise in these amplifiers. 2 Advantages of EDFA are as followsIt provides high power transportation efficiency from pump to signal power.Large addition.It is polariz ation-insensitive.High end product power.No matching loss to the transmittal fibre.A individual EDFA can supply addition for multiple wavelengths at the same time.The disadvantages of EDFA areDerive holding wavelength dependence. The difference addition will be obtained when usage with wavelength division multiplexing.Particular fibre design.Presence of amplified self-generated emanation ( ASE ) . 3 2.1.3 Raman Optical AmplifierThe Raman optical amplifier consists of a length of addition fibre combine with a pump assembly. The pump assembly contains a brace of pump optical maser rectifying tubes. The end product of a brace of orthogonally polarized pump-diode optical masers offers backward-propagating pump power in the transmittal fibre. Due to the higher-energy ( shorter wavelength ) pump photons scatter off the get directions of the optical fibre s lattice matrix and coherently add to lower-energy ( longer wavelength ) signal photons, forward-propagating signals achieve additio n in the fibre.There are two types of Raman amplifier distributed and distinct Raman amplifier. A distributed Raman amplifier is one in which the transmittal fibre is utilized as the addition medium by multiplexing a pump wavelength with signal wavelength, while a distinct Raman amplifier use a dedicated, shorter length of extremely nonlinear fibre to supply elaboration.The advantages of Raman amplifier areUltrawide bandwidth elaboration.Low noise.No particular fibre is required.Suppressed nonlinearities public presentation in transmittal systems. 4 The disadvantages of Raman Amplifier areRelatively high pump power required.Double Rayleigh sprinkling noise and nonlinear effects when the addition of RA is increased.2.1.4 Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs )Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) is a combination of Raman optical amplifier and Erbium Doped fiber amplifier. So, in order to understand HFAs, the feature of Raman optical amplifier and Er bium Doped fiber amplifier is study individually. The characteristic that is being study include operation, advantage and disadvantage of the amplifiers as discuss in the paragraph above. The constellation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers is assuring for high capacity WDM transmittal. The amplifiers yield high-gain, low noise, and high end product power that via media for long distance transmittal. 5 Figure 2.3 Experimental constellations for the three types of individual pump, intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) 6 Figure 2.3 shows assorted constellations of single-pump dispersion-compensating Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) . vitrine I Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) recycling residuary Raman pump in a cascaded EDF sleeve located after a scattering compensatingfiber ( DCF ) . type I showed a addition of 20.8 dubnium at 1556 nanometer. The minimal Noise Figure of Type I was about 7.5 du bniums.Type II The difference between TypeII with Type Iis that the HFAs recycling residuary Raman pump in a cascaded EDF subdivision located anterior to a DCF. The addition of Type II was 21 dubnium at 1556 nanometer. The minimal Noise Figure ofType II wasapproximately5 dubnium.Type Three Raman assisted EDFA. The peak addition wavelength of TypeIIIwas found to be at 1532 nanometer and the addition was 19 dubnium. The minimal Noise Figure of Type III was about 8 dubnium. 8 Type II has the larger addition and smaller Noise Figure as comparison to Type I and Type III.Thus, the Type II circuit will be used for simulation in Optisystem package.2.2 Performance of optical amplifierIn the designation of the public presentation of an optical amplifier, some features have been defined. For illustration addition, noise, optical signal/noise ratio ratio ( OSNR ) , bit shift rate, and eye-pattern.2.2.1 AdditionGain is an of import parametric quantity in amplifiers that measures the elaborati on per unit length of fibre. Additions are runing conditions and stuff used dependance. Difference wavelength has difference addition for all stuffs. For a low input powers, the end product power is relative to the addition times the length of fibre Poutput = Pinput A- Gain A- length. 7 The addition may saturate at high input powers. So, the end product power may merely increase in little fraction as input power addition. Basically the optical amplifier has run out of the power it needs to bring forth more end product.2.2.2 NoiseBy and large, optical amplifiers will add spontaneously emitted or scattered photons to the signal during the elaboration procedure, and this will do the signal/noise ratio ratio ( SNR ) humble accordingly. A parameter Noise Figure ( NF ) , which is defined as the SNR ratio between input and end product quantify the SNR degradation.NF= SNRin / SNRoutThe self-generated emanation can be reduced by an optical filter during pattern. Therefore, the SNR by and large will be dependent on the bandwidth of the optical filters and the spectral power diffusion of the self-generated emanation from the amplifier. The self-generated emanation, which is emitted from the amplifier input terminal, may come in the signal beginning ( a semiconducting material optical maser ) , where it can come after in public presentation perturbations. Therefore, so as to avoid extra noise in the system, it is ever needed to include isolation between amplifier and coruscation beginning.2.2.3 Signal-to-Noise RatioSignal-to-noise ratio can entree the public presentation of optical amplifiers, where it defines by the ratio of end product signal to the background noise. The higher the signal/noise ratio ratio indicates the quality of the signal is higher. This means that the public presentation of the amplifier is good.2.2.4 Bit Error RateThe digital input and end product signals are compared utilizing spot error rates ( or ratio ) amounts to measure what fraction of the spots are received falsely. Bit error rates offer a quantitative measuring of signal quality. The typical acceptable spot error rate is 10-9. 8 2.2.5 Eye-PatternThe other ways to measure rapidly the noise public presentation of an optically amplified system are through the usage of eye forms displayed on the CRO. By the superposition of a random sequence of many 1s and 0 spot, such oculus forms are generated. This give a more qualitative position of the noise impressed on the digital transmittal form. 9 An illustration of oculus form is shown in Figure 2.4. The end product amplitude is the extremum to top out electromotive force output.Jitter is the divergence of the pulsations signal from their ideal places in clip, measured in picoseconds.Figure 2.4 Example of oculus form at receiving system 8 2.3 Optical fibreThere are two types of fibre, which is individual manner fibre ( SMF ) and multimode fibre ( MMF ) .Light go in a consecutive line and typically has a nucleus size of 8 or 10 micrometers doing by a individual manner fibre that has a really little nucleus. It has unlimited bandwidth that can motive power unrepeated for over 80 kilometers, depending on the type of conveying equipment. Single manner fibre has immense information capacity, more than multimode fibre.Multimode fibre supports multiple waies of visible radiation and has a much larger nucleus comparison to individual manner fibre. The nucleus size of multimode fibre is typically 50 or 62.5 micrometers. The light travels down a much larger way in multimode fibre, leting the visible radiation to travel down several waies or manners.Since individual manner fibre is used for long distance transmittal, it will be discuss in more inside informations in the undermentioned paragraph.2.3.1 Single Mode Fiber ( SMF )Light is non reflected or refracted within single-mode fibre, but travels merely along the axis of the nucleus as shown in Figure 2.5.Figure 2.5 Light Transmitted through Single -Mode Fiber 8 modal auxiliary scattering does non be in single-mode fibre since merely one manner is propagated. However, single-mode fibre is capable to other causes of pulse distributing such as chromatic scattering. 10 2.3.2 Chromatic DispersionChromatic scattering is the phenomenon wherein varied spectral constituents of the familial lasersignal travel at contrary speeds in the fibre, geting at different times at the receiving system. It occurs because optical maser beginnings emit a scope of wavelengths a primary individual wavelength and a narrow scope of secondary wavelengths on either side of this primary wavelength, as shown in Figure 2.6. The different wavelengths travel at somewhat different velocities through the fibre, and hence arrived at the receiving system at different times. This causes distributing, or scattering, of the standard pulsation. As the length of fibre additions, the difference in arrival times besides increases and the pulsations become wider. The end product pulses finally become identical from their neighbours and spot mistakes occur.Figure 2.6 Output Wavelengths of Laser Source 9 The bandwidth of a fibre decreases as chromatic scattering additions. Fewer spots can be transmitted in a given clip period because each spot will be wider and hence occupy a longer bit period. Chromatic scattering is the chief performance-limiting factor for single-mode fibre.2.3.3 Dispersion-compensating fibre ( DCF )By utilizing a really sophisticated fibre profile, it is possible to minimise scattering over the full wavelength scope from 1300 to 1550 nanometer, at the disbursal of really high loss ( around 2 dB/km ) this is cognise as scattering compensatingfiber. This fibre is designed with negative scattering features, so that when used in series with conventional fibre it will undisperse the signal. Dispersion-compensating fibre has a much narrower nucleus than standard single-mode fibre, which makes it susceptible to nonlinear effect s. 11 2.3.4 Multimode Fiber vs. Single-mode FiberTable 2.0 shows a comparing of multimode fibre and single-mode fibre. Because of the many differences between them, these two types of fibre are by and large non interchangeable.ParameterMultimode Fiber ( MMF )Single-Mode Fiber ( SMF )Jacket ColorOrange ( 62.5Am ) or Grey ( 50Am )YellowLight genesisMultiple waiesSingle wayCore Diameter62.5 Am or 50Am ( older )9 AmLink LengthShort & lt 1 kilometerLong 10 kilometer to 100 kilometersTypical Wavelength of Transmitter850 nanometer ( VSCEL )1310 nanometer ( FP ) or1550 nanometer ( DFB )Performance-Limiting FactorModal scattering( Chromatic scattering is undistinguished )Chromatic scattering( Modal scattering does non be )AttenuationApproximate 3dB/km at 850 nanometersApproximate0.4 dB/km at 1310 nanometer,0.2 dB/km at 1550 nanometerBandwidthLowHighSodium0.280.13CostCheaperMore ExpensiveTable 2.1Multimode Fiber vs. Single-mode FiberSingle manner fibre will be used for this undertaking as the transmittal medium since it is used for long distance transmittal, typically 10 kilometers to 100 kilometers.Chapter 3MethodologyThis chapter is mentioned about the attack and method used to measure the public presentation of Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers.Content of this chapter include the method usage to roll up the informations, informations analysis and factor considered when taking the attack and method.Figure 3.1 Undertaking Flow ChartThis undertaking starts with the rubric that is provided by the supervisor. The rubric of the undertaking is public presentation rating of Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) . By understanding the undertaking range and demands, a thorough reappraisal on specific subjects were done.Figure 3.1 below shows the undertaking block diagram that usage to measure the performanceof Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. The input to the HFAs is signal power and pump power. The public presentation of HFA is evaluated based on end product power, optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , and Bit Error Rate that can be obtained from the simulation consequence of Optical Spectrum Analyzer. The simulation procedure is repeateduntil the maximal end product power, maximal optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio is obtained and the Bit Error Rate is smaller than 10-9.The different value of input and end product value from simulation consequence will be tabular in tabular array and compared to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers.INPUT OUTPUTFigure 3.1 Undertaking block diagramThere are different types of optical simulation package available in the market. For illustration ModeSYS, OptSim, OptiSPICE, and Optisystem. OptiSystem is an advanced optical communicating system simulation bundle for the design, proving and optimization of virtually any type of optical nexus in the physical bed of a wide spectrum of optical network s.The OptiSystem Component Library includes 100s of constituents that enable users to come in parametric quantities that can be measured from existent devices. Therefore, Optisystem package will be usage to imitate and measure the public presentation of the Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. However, the execution of HFAs into Optisystem package will merely be start at PSM 2.Chapter 4PRELIMINARY RESULT4.1 DiscussionFrom through reading and research, the circuit that will be utilizing for the simulation is as in Figure 2.3, Type II of single-pump dispersion-compensating Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) .From Figure 2.3, the intercrossed amplifier recycling residuary Raman pump with a cascaded EDF subdivision located prior to a scattering compensatingfiber ( DCF ) . The Raman pump beginning consists of two optical maser rectifying tubes runing at 1455 nanometer and 1465 nanometer, severally. By uniting the two pump wavelengths with a inactive pump co mbiner, a entire power of up to 500mW was available. Since individual manner fibre is used for long distance transmittal, and the chromatic scattering is the chief performance-limiting factor for single-mode fibre. Therefore, a 12.6 kilometer DCF with 0.55 dB/km fading at a wavelength 1550 nanometer was used to counterbalance the fading. The 12.6 kilometers DCF with a group speed scattering of -98 ps/nm/km at 1550 nanometer can supply sufficient scattering for counterbalancing a 70 kilometer long individual manner fibre based transmittal span. By simulation, it is expected to acquire a addition of 21 dubnium and Noise Figure of 5 dubnium.4.2 DecisionAt the terminal of the undertaking, it is expected to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Some of the restraints that limit the maximal transmittal distance are pump power, signal power, type and length of fibre used. The public pr esentation of the HFAs will be evaluated based on the amplifier s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) and Noise Figure obtained from the simulation consequence. A addition of 21 dubnium, Noise Figure of 5 dubnium, and bit error rate less than 10-9 should be obtained in simulation consequence.

Knapp Case 1.8

Eden Mims Case 1. 8 Crazy Eddie, Inc. 1) The following table mastervides key financial ratios for Crazy Eddie during the period 1984-1987 1987 1986 1985 1984 Current Ratio 2. 41 1. 4 1. 56 0. 93 Quick Ratio 1. 4 0. 6 0. 77 0. 15 Debt Ratio 0. 68 0. 66 0. 64 0. 83 Debt-to-Equity 2. 16 1. 98 1. 75 4. 88 stock certificate Turnover 3. 23 4. 38 5. 14 5. 8 Asset Turnover 1. 2 2. 07 2. 08 3. 75 ROA 0. 04 0. 1 0. 09 0. 1 conk on Equity 0. 11 0. 31 0. 25 0. 61 Gross Profit Margin 0. 23 0. 26 0. 24 0. 22 Red Flags the Inventory turnover rate steadily declines from 1984-87, which could indicate, lost sales. Misstatements of account or cost of uncorrupteds sold could be possible.It also indicates employee strikes or, in Crazy Eddies case, employees leaving their jobs. In 1986 the A/R turnover rate was extremely high which is unus ual because in that year the consumer electronics industry boom days had ended. Competition in the New York field of battle was high. Inventory turnover rates had been decreasing. Extremely high A/R turnover rates atomic number 18 and indicator of credit and collection policies that ar as well as restrictive 2. Accounting irregularities could have been found sooner if some inspect procedures were performed. a) Falsification of gunstock count sheets This could have been prevented if the auditors were observing random cycle counts, if the auditors randomly performed cycle count audits, or if the auditors observed an entire physical livestock. (b) Bogus debit memos for accounts payable The auditors could have confirmed balances with the debtor. (c) Recording transshipping transactions as retail sales Observe flow of transactions for recording a transshipping sale. Audit the receipts of very large sales since transshipping sales are going to be very high in ollar amount. (d) Inc lusion of consigned merchandise in year-end inventory Auditors could have observed an entire year end physical inventory in all warehouses and not just a specific one that they tell the client they are going to. 3. Retail electronic stores changed drastically during the 1980s, so did Crazy Eddies business. A accompanimentor in the Crazy Eddie case had to do with the inventory organism overvalued. A small reason for why the inventory was overvalued is due to the rapidly decreasing prices in electronics due to constant improvements in technology.Electronics are out dated very fast if not sold upon arrival, they are always being improved on, and so electronic stores need to have a high inventory turnover. If not, then there is a chance that the inventory can become overvalued if the auditor does not stay up on the latest in electronics. Another change was with how Crazy Eddie was able to buy in such large amounts that he was able to sell via drop-shipments, this is something that the auditors are not used to because it is not a common occurrence.The drop-shipments would chance on sales, but it should not affect inventory. As seen in this case, it required special attention because same store sales were increased by the way drop-shipments were recorded as revenue. All in all, if an industry is rapidly changing then so should the plan for the audit. It is very important to know how the industry is doing so it can be compared to the company that is being audited. 4. The term lowballing is when the auditors sell the audit services very cheap in order to get very lucrative consulting deals with the client.This can jeopardize the truthfulness of the audit because the auditors may have to agree with the client on something that will affect the audit opinion in order to keep the client on their good side so they can keep the client as a consulting customer also. 5. Locating only 20 of the 30 invoices requested is a study problem. I would first see if the invoices were tied to another form like a sales order. If those can be located, then we can see if the 10 missing invoices had something similar on the sales order.Another action that should be taken is to have the auditor observe an entire transaction from start to finish visual perception why an invoice may get lost. If there is no good reason, then there is a very high likelihood that there is phony involved. Other culture will still need to be obtained getting it from the information system may be a possibility. This issue should be discussed save with management since it is likely that the person who prepares the invoices or files the invoices is very low on the staff. 6.This article was written before the accounting laws were changed because of problems encountered by ex-auditors working at the client, and having connections with the refreshed auditors. This caused many problems exemplified by Enron and WorldCom. That is why it is no longer allowed to take a job with the client. I agre e with the law at present, based on the fact that before the law was present, major fraud occurred that couldve been prevented had hiring their old auditors been illegal and of course many other things, but it is still helpful in prevention.The only pro I can think of is the fact that the independent auditor would know a lot about the business and possibly help improve information systems and such. However, that is only if they are being hired for that certain job. That brings to the cons, which could be the auditor could help with hiding fraud since they know how to look for it in that specific company. Also, they are still in connection with their old firm and that could bring problems when the new independent auditor comes in.

Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi Analysis Essay

In the book, Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, the main character is the author as a young girl maturation up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution of 1979. She starts off as an incredibly positive child with enormous credit in herself and her relationship with G-d. Through her experiences, peculiarly when she was in her crucial, early teenage years, she altogether loses her faith in G-d and also rebels against her environs. The author wants to show the Western world that there are many slew in Iran, like Marjane, that are no different than Westerners. She does this by describing her childhood teenage meshings with her parents, with onerousness and with her faith in G-d, all of which most Western teenagers could slow relate to. Marjanes conflicts prove that she is not just a spoiled teenager, rebelling for no other reason than just being a teenager, but that the environment she was in would make most teenagers rebel.Two of Marjanes conflicts with her parents come from her str ong desire to participate in the public protests against the Shah. Marjane has a close relationship with her parents, whose activism against oppression influences her greatly. She sees her parents go to protests against the Shah and she desperately wants to join in and be a part of it. On panels 16.9-17.6, Marjane is begging her parents to allow her to join them in the next days protests. She says to them, For a revolution to succeed, the entire population must support it. They tell her she cant go yet because it is too dangerous.She is very upset with them for not letting her go. Later, on panels 38.1-39.5, Marjane defies her parents authority by attending a demonstration with her maid, Mehri. The author narrates, When I finally understood the reasons for the Revolution I made my end. Marjane is referring to her decision to go to a protest against the Shah. This is after her maids heart is broken because the boy she is in love with dumps her when he finds out she is downstairs hi s social class. Marjane believes that the Revolution will abolish the social class system. These two examples of conflict with her parents show that Marjane is not just acting out against her parents, but cares deeply for the future of her country and those closest to her, like her maid.The Islamic Fundamentalists mod rules and laws also create conflicts for Marjane because of the influence from her parents secular beliefs and her previous secular schooling. On panels 96.1-98.7, the author describes Marjanes reinvigorated school environment after her secular French school is shut down. The students are forced into Islamic schools where the girls and boys are separated. They have new rituals to perform, like hitting themselves to honor the Iran-Iraq war casualties. Almost immediately, the students begin to make fun of the rituals and the new teachers enforcing them. The school is so upset with the students behavior that the parents are called in for a lecture as well. At the end of the lecture, Marjanes father says to the teacher, If hair is as stimulating as you say, then you need to shave your mustacheThis shows Marjanes parents rebellion against the Fundamentalism, which heavily influences Marjane. It also shows that Marjane, and her fellow students in this case, are not doing anything wrong in their parents eyes, but simply having a tough time adapting to this completely new set of beliefs, rules and laws. A similar conflict for Marjane revolves around the new, strict rules on what women can wear in public. On panels 130.1-134.4, Marjanes parents return from a trip to Turkey with gifts of Western clothing for her.She immediately hurls them on, gets a compliment from her mother, and goes out to buy some black market rock and roll tapes. She is confronted by the Guardians of the Revolution for wearing the Western clothing and almost gets arrested. Like any teenager who receives cool, new clothes from their parents, she wants to immediately enjoy wearing th em. Also, she has only cognise freedom and has been taught by her parents that it is OK to express herself with clothing. Rather than being a spoiled teenager, rebelling against the Fundamentalists, she is simply a teenager expressing herself and trying to enjoy herself in her new clothes.Marjanes environment also causes her to have a major conflict with her faith in G-d. As a young girl, Marjane truly believes that she will be the Last Prophet. (6.3-9.6) She feels so strongly about this and her relationship with G-d she even endures ridicule from her classmates for saying she will be a Prophet. But, as her environment changes, and the Revolution starts to build, she shows signs of conflict with her faith in G-d. On Panel 10.1 she says, My faith was not unshakable. On 10.2 the author narrates, The year of the Revolution I had to take action. So I put my prophetic destiny aside for a while. The fact that she truly believed she would become a prophet, to the point of enduring ridicul e, showed that she was very serious about her faith in G-d. Then her environment changes so much due to the building Revolution and the terrible things happening in Iran under the Shahs government that she takes her emotional nada away from her faith in G-d and starts to put it towards the Revolution.Her once strong relationship with G-d ends completely when her uncle Anoosh is falsely accused of being a Russian spy and executed. (70.1) On panel 70.4, Marjane tells G-d, Get out of my life I never want to see you again Throughout the rest of Persepolis, Marjane never again mentions G-d. She went from believing she is a prophet, and talking to G-d regularly, to completely rejecting Him. This profound change shows that Marjanes life was deeply affected by her environment. When the tough environment Marjane grew up in is considered, her conflicts with her parents, with oppression and with her faith in G-d seem understandable.Her conflicts with her parents arose mainly from her desire t o protest because thats what she thought she should be doing. Her conflicts with her oppressive, Islamic Fundamentalist school are understandable because it was all new for her and her classmates. And finally, her conflict with her faith in G-d was due to the overwhelming circumstances of the Revolution and the oppressive, Islamic Fundamentalist regime. Her reactions to her environment seem completely normal and justified. She is not a rebellious child and teenager, but is just very committed to whatever she believes in, and conflict almost always comes with commitment.

Organisational Change Case Study

Introduction This essay will explore a case study of birth capability to illustrate an giving medication that has undergone a diversify. The organisational husbandry in the first place and after the vary will be described, centering styles within the organisation will be analysed, the family between motivation and carrying into action will in like manner be explored and finally the change management strategies apply by the organisation will be discussed as well. Each of these sections will be explored to sustenance the hypothesis that shade is an integral part of an organisation.Before the individual sections ar discussed however, the essay will look at the primer coat of root system button. Background tooth root brawn is a leading energy fork overr within the Asia-Pacific region. It is involved in finding new sources of energy, producing and retailing it. later the de-merger of assembly line verve from Boral in 2000 it officially became an energy company. It began as a gas company that later ventured into the electricity industry as well. Origin slide fastener has make many investments and undertaken many acquisitions of various businesses in both industries to ensure its place on the market.The environment that Origin Energy trades on is ever ever-changing due the deregulation of the energy market in Australia (Waddell, cummings & Worley, 2007). Therefore, certain measures hold been undertaken by Origin Energy to augment the efficiency of its work and provide better service to its customers. Origin Energy did non have the resources in the founding years of their business to manage the credit and cathexis sections of their business and so it outsourced these functions to a financial business named Wipro.After many years of this function being performed by Wipro and the constant expansion of Origin Energy it was decided in 2007 that to increase the proficiency of Origin Energys billing and credit processes the teams that were perf orming this function at Wipro were provided with the opportunity to be transitioned across to work internally for Origin Energy. Organisational Culture Culture is s assistant to be the representation of social discourses such as belief systems, attitudes, values, conduct and norms that distinguish a society Wood et al. , 2010). This interpretation on culture is closely matched to the definition of culture as the accumulation of human traditions and customs and that culture is a social construction (Berry & Sam, 2006). Culture exists on a nationalistic level, however it also exists within organisations (Wood et al. , 2010). Organisational culture can often be derived from the national cultures shargond discourse (Wood et al. , 2010). It is also possible beca commit organisations are sub-systems of a society (Wood et al. 2010). Although organisations share similarities to the host culture each organisation has their own individual culture (Select Knowledge, 2001). Organisational cult ure can be defined similarly to the definition of culture provided previously in that it is the shared discourses of the people belonging to it (Bartol, 2008). It is through the process of interacting with others that a person learns culture and ethnic discourses are transmitted (Schein, 1987).Organisational culture is reflected by the shared assumptions held in the organisation as well as in its rituals, policies, systems, and procedures which influence the assumed desired behaviours that the organisation believes is part of their culture (Bartol, 2008). The culture of an organisation can be explained by using Hofstedes (1997) dimensions of values, which for the purpose of this essay will only include occasion distance and masculinity versus femininity.In diagnosing Origin Energys existing culture within its billing team after their transition from Wipro, it has been suggested that firstly the culture before the transition was completed should be compared to the current culture so that the current culture can be more(prenominal) clearly identified (Waddell, Cummings & Worley, 2007). The first dimension power distance describes the level at which power is distributed throughout the organisation, meaning that an organisation might have levels of power for its employees or not (Hofstede, 1997).In terms of this relating to Origin Energys billing teams before their transition from Wipro is that their survive with Origin Energy has let them be less subject to a power hierarchy than they were at Wipro where the structure of power is more rigid (Origin Energy, 2010). Origin utilises a more collaborative approach to making lasts in that the theatre directors surpass with and value input and feedback from their employees (Origin Energy, 2010). Also employees have autonomy is handling complex issues, although the managers hold a position of power in aking the final decision and are involved in the maintenance of procedures and behaviours (Origin Energy, 2010). This was not their experience at Wipro where they had less autonomy, as they were boss-subordinate and this means that they take uped their managers approval to make decisions on issues (Waddell, Cummings & Worley, 2007). In the other dimension used to illustrate the culture before and after the billing teams were contracted to Origin is masculinity versus femininity (Hofstede, 1997).Masculinity refers to the accent mark on competition and assertiveness in an organisation and there is more attention placed on success (Hofstede, 1997). In regards to the billing team they have experienced a stronger sense of this strive for success with Origin Energy than they did with Wipro as the energy market that Origin Energy trades on is more militant than the finance industry in light of the deregulation of gas and electricity which was mentioned previously (Origin Energy, 2010 Waddell, Cummings & Worley, 2007). Femininity refers to the emphasis on kindreds and the quality of life (Hofstede, 1997).The billing team have experienced higher value on the quality of life and the fostering of relationships with Origin Energy as they were more openly communicated to by their managers at Origin Energy as it has a more collaborative approach to involving staff participation in organisational processes than they had at Wipro where they experienced a more authoritarian approach to decision making from their managers and this is evident by the use of fortnightly meetings conducted by Origin Energys managers (Origin Energy, 2010).Origin also offers more whippy start and finish times for employees as long as their hours are properly completed where Wipro was more rigid about their working times (Origin Energy, 2010). throughout this comparison of culture various leadership styles have briefly been mentioned, as they are part of organisational culture and help to facilitate it (Hoffman, 2005). focussing and Leadership Styles both leadership theories can be used to explain how Orig in Energy has fostered this culture and explain their approach in managing their newly contracted billing team.These two theories include Houses Path-Goal Leadership surmisal and the Transactional Leadership Theory. Houses Path-Goal Theory gives insight into the reason for the identified culture of Origin Energy as it factors in that leaders affect the motivation of employees to accomplish tasks to receive rewards and the leaders style will influence the performance and satisfaction of their employees (Shriberg & Shriberg, 2006). The hypothesis states that a leader is responsible to motivate employees to achieve goals and the level of motivation of the employees is dependant of the clarification of expectations (Lussier & Achua, 2010).It can be used to identify and explain various leadership styles (Shriberg & Shriberg, 2006). As mentioned previously Origin Energy takes a more collaborative approach in the process of decision-making and is less power distant (Hofstede, 1997) wit h its employees than Wipro. gibe to Houses Path-Goal Theory, Origins managers use a participative leadership style as the managers consult with and account for employees suggestions before a decision is made and provide employee with an understanding of the circumstances surrounding the decision (Landy & Conte, 2007).Another theory that demonstrates Origin Energys approach to leadership is the Transactional Leadership Theory. Transactional Leadership Theory involves the agreed expectations between managers and employees that are exchanged daily between the two parties to ascertain routine tasks on performance are completed successfully (Wood et al. , 2010). correspond to this theory leaders are more task driven and make employees more compliant in striving to achieve organisational goals (Martin, Cashel, Wagstaff & Breunig, 2006).Importance is placed on employees donation and responsibility regarding the organisation (Kakabadse, Bank & Vinnicombe, 2004). The transactional leaders hip perspective states that leaders will be involved with their employees when the employees require direction (Martin et al. , 2006). The focus is on the self-purpose of the employees and therefore the manager has exact involvement with the employees (Kakabadse, Bank & Vinnicombe, 2004). This is evident in the organisational culture of Origin Energy as the billing teams employees have autonomy in their roles as discussed previously (Origin Energy, 2010).Like Houses Path-Goal Theory there are elements to leadership styles in Transactional Leadership Theory (Wood et al. , 2010). Transactional Leadership Theory may state that managers have little involvement with their employees however the theory applies to task-orientated leaders that are able to facilitate the achievement of goals (Martin et al. , 2006). The leadership styles of this theory reflect that and the style used by Origin Energys managers is the active management by exception approach (Wood et al. , 2010). This means con centration is placed on the correction of irregularities and mistakes of the employees activities (Wood et al. 2010). This is the case for Origin Energy as mentioned earlier the managers allow employees autonomy in their roles, although they are responsible for maintaining expected norms and standards of the organisation and therefore can correct any deviation from the organisations procedures and standards of behaviour (Wood et al. , 2010). Leaders have an impact on the motivation of their employees and motivation is also influenced by organisational culture, which in turn has an influence on performance (Bartol, 2008). Motivation and doing Theories of motivation can be used to describe the relationship between performance and motivation.Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is one of the theories that can be used to demonstrate this. In this theory Maslow identified five basic human needs (Maslow & Stephens, 2000). Namely these needs Maslow identified, in order from the most fundamental, ar e physiological, safety, belongingness, appreciation and self-actualisation (Pattanayak, 2005). Physiological needs refer to the basic needs of eating, having shelter and wearing clothes (Hodgetts & Hegar, 2008). As Origin Energy has contracted the billing team from Wipro they aid employees in satisfying this need. Safety needs involve security and stability (Wood et al. 2010). Origin Energys managers openly communicates with their staff to ensure they are made aware of change and understand the reasons for it which allows the employees to feel more secure in their positions within the organisation (Wood et al. , 2010). Third is the need for affiliation and acceptance, which comes from a desire to belong, and as previously discussed Origin Energys culture is feminine (Hofstede, 1997) in the sense that the organisation fosters relationships between its staff and this can be seen through the use of their fortnightly meetings.The esteem need relates to self-esteem, respect, achievemen t and recognition of performance (Hodgetts & Hegar, 2008). Origin Energy aids employees to satisfy this needs by allowing their participation in organisational processes. The highest need on the hierarchy is self-actualisation and this need is about realising ones own potential as well as the growth and development desired to action that potential (Agarwal, 1982). Origin Energy allows their employees autonomy in their roles, training to be successful in them and there are opportunities for advancement (Origin Energy, 2010).Another Theory that helps to describe the relationship of motivation and performance is Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Herzbergs theory is based on the assumption that there are factors that add to employees satisfaction and dissatisfaction (Daft, 2005). Hygiene factors relate to factors in stage setting to the job such as organisational policies supervision, salaries, communication and the conditions at work (Borkowski, 2010). Motivation factors are assoc iated to factors related to job content (Montana & Charnov, 2000).Motivators directly influence individuals attitudes and performance at work (Waiguchu, Tiagha & Mwaura, 1999) and consist of having recognition, achievement, responsibility, advancement and the work itself (Borkowski, 2010). When motivators are present they affect the satisfaction of the job for employees and in turn creates high motivation, which leads to job enrichment (Daft, 2005). Job enrichment relates to the use of hygiene and motivators within the job roles (Sapru, 2006). Participative management is a product of this theory (Sapru, 2006).As Origin Energy is seen to use participative management, incorporate the motivators and provides the hygiene factors specified by Herzberg into their roles to diminish job dissatisfaction, they have increased the performance of the billing teams and this is evident in their productivity and behaviour since they were contracted to work for Origin Energy (Origin Energy, 2010). The successful performance of the billing teams and their adaption to Origin Energys culture can also be attributed to the implementation of effective change management strategies.Change Management Strategies Organisations are modify by the changes that occur not only in their internal environment but also from the external one in which they exist (Wood et al. , 2010). Therefore, from this awareness organisations are required to respond to change (Anderson & Anderson, 2010). The reasons for change are crucial to understand as they provide the context for the change to occur in (Anderson & Anderson, 2007). As mentioned reviously Origin Energy contracted the billing teams from Wipro in an attempt to improve operational efficiency to meet ongoing customer requirements (Origin Energy, 2010). Origin went about implementing certain strategies to successfully implement this change. Firstly, Origin Energy analysed the current and future states of their business regarding the issue, which i s essential to begin and prepare for the process of organisational change (Origin Energy, 2010 Anderson & Anderson, 2010).Secondly, Origin Energy and Wipro planned for the change in attempt to create communication with all stakeholders as well as evaluate and pre-empt the risk involved and ensure that there was an operational means for the change to occur, which according to Oakland and Tanner (2007) is a measure for successful change management (Origin Energy, 2010). Origin Energy implemented the change by understanding communication was the key for the success of the transition (Anderson & Anderson, 2010 Origin Energy, 2010).The managers of Origin Energy and the ones moving over from Wipro were engaged regularly by briefing meetings to inform them of the processes being undertaken to body forth the change flowed down and directed their teams, which is an effective way to implement change (Oakland & Tanner, 2007 Origin Energy, 2010). Another change management strategy used by Ori gin Energy was the training of each team as they moved them over in stages (Origin Energy, 2010). This was performed by Origin Energy to align the billing teams with Origin Energys culture and processes (Oakland & Tanner, 2007).Origin Energys evaluation of the change indicated the objective of increasing the proficiency of its credit and billing function was achieved (Origin Energy, 2010. ) Conclusion Earlier in the essay the background of Origin Energy was described. A definition of organisational culture as well as Origin Energys culture before and after it underwent the change was discussed. It explored the management and leadership styles within the organisation, the relationship between motivation and performance and the change management strategies utilized by Origin Energy.Each of these sections was analysed to support the hypothesis that culture is an integral part of an organisation and this was proven through each discussion as culture influenced the process of Origin cont racting the billing teams to work internally for it. References Agarwal, R. D. (1982). Organization and management. peeled Delhi, India Tata McGraw-Hill. Anderson D. , & Anderson, L. (2010). Beyond change management How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership (2nd ed. ). San Francisco, CA Pfeiffer. Bartol, K. (2008). Management a Pacific Rim focus (5th ed. . NSW, Australia McGraw-Hill. Berry, J. , & Sam, D. (2006). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. Borkowski, N. (2010). Organizational behavior in health care (2nd ed. ). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Daft, R. (2005). The leadership experience (4th ed. ). OH, USA Thompson Higher Education. Hodgetts, R. , & Hegar, K. (2008). Modern human relations at work (10th ed. ). OH, USA Thompson Higher Education. Hoffman, S. (2005). How do motivation and leadership affect the corporate culture of multinational firms?.Germany GRIN Verlag. Hofstede , G. (1997). Cultures and organisations Software of the mind, intercultural co-operation and its importance for survival. New York McGraw Hill. Kakbadse, A. , Bank, J. , & Vinnicombe, S. (2004). Working in organizations. Burlington, VT Gower Publishing Limited. Landy, F. , & Conte, M. (2007). Work in the 21st century An introduction to industrial and organisational psychology (2nd ed. ). Carlton, Victoria Blackwell Publishing. Lussier, R. , & Achua, C. (2010). Leadership Theory, application, & skill development (4th ed. . OH, USA Cengage Learning. Martin, B. , Cashel, C. , Wagstaff, M. , & Breunig, M. (2006). Outdoor leadership Theory and practice. Maslow, A. , & Stephens, C. (2000). The Maslow business reader. New York, USA John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Montana, P. , & Charnov, B. (2000). Management (3rd ed. ). New York, USA Barrons Educational Series, Inc. Oakland,J. S. , & Tanner, S. (2007). Successful change management. Total Quality Management, 18(1-2),1-19. Origin Energy. (2010, N ovember 12). Source. Retrieved November 16, 2010, from http//source. riginenergy. com. au Pattanayak, B. (2005). Human resources management (3rd ed. ). New Delhi, India Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited. Sapru, R. K. (2006). Administrative theories and management thought. New Delhi, India Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited. Schein, E. (1987). Organisational culture and leadership. San Fransisco, CA Jossey-Bass. Select Knowledge. (2001). Succeeding in the modern organizational culture. Retrieved from Google Books database. Shriberg A. , & Shriberg, D. (2006). Practicing leadership Principles and applications.United States of America John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Waddell, D. , Cummings, T. , & Worley, C. (2007). Organisation development and change Asia Pacific (3rd ed. ). South Melbourne, Victoria Thompson. Waiguchu, J. , Tiagha, E. , & Mwaura, M. (1999). Management of organisations in Africa A handbook and reference. USA Quorom Books. Wood, J. , Zeffane, R. , Fromholtz, M. , Wiesn er, R. , Creed, A. , Schermerhorn, J. , Hunt. , & Osborn, R. (2010). Organisational behaviour Core concepts and applications (2ND ed. ). New York, USA John Wiley & sons, Inc.

Rewarding and Punishing the Same Behavior

In this report, the reasons are explained with examples that lead managers of organization toward an unethical decision. People believe that deep unethicality distorts ethical decision making. however according to Ann Tenbrunsel and her abetter _or_ abettor David Messick, the top level management of an organization a lot takes such unethical decisions out of thinking business purely rather than considering morality. The phenomenon is named as Ethical attenuation. Sometimes leaders ill-conceived goals lead employees to involve in unethical activities.For example management wants employees to maximize sales rather than profit. As a result employees force customers to sell their product and sometimes they become ridiculous. Also sometimes they overcharge for the unexpected service which the customer doesnt want actually. leaders setting goal should take the perspective of those whose behavior they are nerve-wracking to influence and think through their potential responses. This wil l help guide on off unintended consequences and prevent employees from overlooking alternative goals.People ignore some information which can affect their interest can termed as motivate blindness. For example some rating agencies rate organizations positively since the agencies are paid by those organizations. So people fail to judge organizations due to due to hard violation of ethical pulls by the agencies. Bazerman and Harvard Business School Professor Francesca Gino explored to a situation termed as slow emergence of unethical behavior.This slow poisoning is often overlooked by the management which led to ultimate failure to hold the objective of the organization. For this managers should be heightened alert for even trivial-seeming infractions and address them immediately. Another common practice in corporate world is to overvaluing outcomes. Like rewarding unethical decision for its good outcomes and punishing ethical decisions for bad outcomes is a recipe for disaster in the long run.Managers should beware this bias examine the behaviors that drive good outcomes and reward quality decisions, not just results. Companies are trying to improve the ethicality of employees according to Bezerman and Tenbrunsel. But this ethical practice should not be forced. Management should create such environment or make structure where employees willingly accept ethical practices and hold accordingly. Above all, a leader should should be concern about his own blind spots, which may permit or even encourage, the unethical behaviors that he is trying to extinguish.

Nuclear Weapons should be Extirpate Essay

Nuclear weapons atomic number 18 considered serious threats to the human race and have make the world an insecure residence for living organisms. Nuclear weapons are destructive weapons that obtain its force from thermonuclear fission and nuclear fusion reaction. Both are theses producers are very harmful for the living organism. Nuclear weapons were first conducted in world war2 on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. It killed approximately 70,000 died immediately from the explosion and another 70,000 died from radiotherapy within five years. The killing implicated the women and children. All nuclear weapons must be abolished around the world for making world secure, and save budget money.The ideal world pull up stakes be more secure if the planet will free of the nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are the only type of weapons in cosmos that have the capacity to annihilate the human species and countless other species. The reactions of the nuclear weapons live alive after mevery y ears of its used. The best fount is Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. The nuclear bomb was used on these cities during the world war2, but Nagasaki and Hiroshima are still suffering with the reaction of nuclear bomb. Japanese cannot grow any crop in Nagasaki and Hiroshima because the fusion reaction of nuclear bomb is still alive. Without abolition, there is always the danger that nuclear weapons will pro livelihoodrate, that more and more countries will obtain them. The existence of nuclear weapons leaves open possibility that a nuclear exchange might take place.The nuclear weapons are extra ordinary costly, and the be continue into the indefinite future. Billions of dollars are wasted each year to pay for nuclear weapons. The cost of research, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance of the nuclear program is very high. Even it becomes higher, when we include the costs of damage to the land, illness of uranium miners,cancer deaths from nuclear pollution, and the storage of nuclear wastage. Since early 1940s the U.S. alone has spent $4 trillion on nuclear arms. If current policies are implemented, the U.S. will continue to spend some $25-30 billion on nuclear forces. What is the more important education or nuclear bombs that can kill the human? Today, Congress and Administration are watching governing body spending, shrinking and eliminating programs and taking measures to reduce the deficit. Despite this, the central feature of interior(a) security spending for the past fifty years, nuclear weapons, has been rarely touched.Possession of nuclear weapon does not mean that the country is powerful. Many authentic countries such as, Australia, Germany, and Spain do not have nuclear bomb. Some countries have already given up nuclear weapons, showing that it is possible for a nation to be secure without nuclear bomb. Three former Soviet republics, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, became nuclear weapons free states by volunteering transferring their nu clear warheads to Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Africa actually developed a small nuclear arsenal clandestinely, and then dismantled it. Argentina and Brazil have also eliminated their nuclear weapons programs even though they achieved initial succeeder in these programs. These countries give a massage to the nuclear powers that you can succeed without nuclear bomb.In summary, the above analysis shows that nuclear weapons are weapons of great destruction. Our government wastes over thirty- three billion dollars a year of our tax money. Furthermore, nuclear weapons pose serious health risk to those around them, including the citizen. There has not been a significant impact on world affairs by nuclear weapons since world war2. Having a nuclear bomb does not guarantee the better life of the citizen, and development of the country. For these reasons, the nuclear weapons should be banned in entire world.