Ancient Rome and Bravery

BRAVERY what is the first thing that comes to mind when the word bravery is said? For most people a war hero or a superhero comes into their minds. Probably every language has a word for bravery, but there is only one true meaning. The word bravery is â€Å"showing a brave spirit or courage†(Random, p. 164) when hard times are thrust upon or happen to them. Bravery is not only what people do, but how they do it. The concept is also â€Å"showiness, splendor, and magnificence†(Random, p. 164). Bravery may be shown in different ways: a person may jump from a plane or walk on fire to show that he/she is truly brave. Then again, sometimes bravery is something that a person has inside him or her and is never shown as an action at all. For thousands of years, people have used words that describe the concept of bravery. The history, or etymology, of the English word bravery is as follows. The word originated in Latin as barbarous. The Romans who spoke Latin were warriors so it is logical they would have a word that talked about their courageous actions. The Vulgar Latin, which was spoken Latin, was transformed by Middle French in the middle Ages as well as by Middle English. This form of English was what was spoken in the 12th to 15thcenturies. From the Middle English evolved the English we speak today and with it, the word bravery. Throughout history, people have talked about the concept of bravery in many ways. The Greek writer and philosopher Euripides said, â€Å"The man who knows when not to act is wise. To my mind, bravery is forethought† (Euripides, p. 11). In the Middle Ages, George II of England said that â€Å"bravery never goes out of fashion† (George, p. 261). Later, Francoise de la Rockefoucould said, â€Å"True bravery is shown by performing without witness what one might be capable

Factors that need to be taken into account

Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development BY sullRun CYPCore32 Promote child and young person development CYPCore32-1 Be able to assess the development needs of children or young people and prepare a development plan. CYPCore32-1. 1 Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development. When carrying out an assessment, there are a number of important factors that have to be taken into consideration.Before recording any information, permission should be obtained from the parents/ carers of the child and possibly even the child. This permission is normally obtained when the Policies and Permissions are signed as part of the contract of care. The information recorded should be appropriately shared with the parents/carers and other professionals who are involved with the care of the child e. g. physiotherapists, occupational therapists.Paper copies of the information should be kept secure in a ockable filing cabinet whil e digital data should be stored on a removable device that can be locked away or on a cloud based system that has appropriate security measures and can only be accessed by the childminder and possibly parents/carers. Care should be taken when observing the child and their feelings should be taken into account e. g. a child might become closed if they see a camera pointing at them or they feel that the personal space is being invaded. Ethnic, cultural and language backgrounds should be taken into account e. a family might be offended if a male is observing their child; or it might be difficult to understand a child who does not have English as their primary language. A practitioner should be aware that a child who is disabled or has special requirements might not be as developmentally advanced as other children e. g. a two year old who has suffered a stroke might have difficulty in walking or might only have full function in one arm. The information recorded should be based on accura te factual data obtained from your observations.Personal opinions should not be recorded as the data could be biased and effect future planning for the child. Children should not be compared against each other as one might be more advanced in some areas then the other and vice versa. Where two people are observing the same child at the same time, the data recorded can be more accurate. Observations should take place in a variety of locations over a period of time so as much information can be gained giving a bigger picture of the child's development.

Conceptual Foundations of Social Psychology

Conceptual Foundations of Social Psychology University of Phoenix Conceptual Foundations of Social Psychology Often one hears the question, what is wrong with the people in the world today? This question could be asked after watching a news story about a mother murdering her children, gangs terrorizing neighborhoods, terroristic acts committed against large community locations, and riots after a soccer game, or even hate crimes committed due to discrimination. Each of these subjects always brings up questions about why acts such as these occur. Social Psychology can attempt to answer some of these questions.In effect, social psychology seeks to answer many questions. Social Psychology is very different in that this field tries to understand all characteristics of social behavior and the significance on the individual both positive and negative. Some research would suggest that anyone might act in a similar fashion as the person who commits a terrorist act, or the mother who murders h er children if he or she were in the same situation and that the behavior has little to do with the character of that person. This concept is situationism and while it does appear extreme, situationism plays a role in social psychology.In the following pages, what situationism is and how it pertains to social psychology is addressed. In addition, a definition of what social psychology is as well as the main characteristics of it. Last, an explanation of the five core social motives is offered and how they too affect the field of social psychology. Social Psychology Social Psychology covers so many topics that one could not possibly list them all at one time. These topics range from interpersonal relationships to group behavior, from prosocial behavior to discrimination and prejudice and everything else in between.The broad coverage of topics generates difficulty in narrowing the subject down to a strict definition. However, according to Fiske, (2010, p 4) â€Å"Social psychology is the scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings. † Of course as stated by Fiske, this is the traditional definition of Social Psychology. This definition dates all the way back to one of the fathers of Social Psychology, Gordon Allport (Fiske, 2010). In essence, Social Psychology is about how people influence each other.If one can imagine each way, another could possibly influence a person then he or she may achieve a better understanding of how broad this subject is. Because Social Psychology covers a broad scope of topics, broad scope by definition is one of the key characteristics of Social Psychology. The broad scope of topics is only one of the characteristics of Social Psychology; another and very important characteristic is Cultural Mandate. Just as any of field of Psychology needs to stay current so too does Social psychology need to stay curren t.Because of the ever-changing world and the populations within it, cultures change. Because culture affects individual behavior, it is important to keep up with the changes. These changes occur from town to town within the United States, to larger cultural structures across the globe. For Social Psychology to stay current, an accommodation to the changing cultures is mandatory. One reason it is important to keep up with changes in cultures and how they affect individual behaviors is the research involved. This research helps build credible scientific knowledge (Fiske, 2010).Most people today depend on science to present the facts instead of relying on the traditional methods of understanding, which is often only common sense knowledge. Fiske, (2010, p. 34) tells us, â€Å"Social psychology goes beyond common sense to build a scientific understanding of human social behavior. † Therefore, the Scientific Method is the third key characteristic of Social Psychology. What can be more important than proper â€Å"techniques, procedures, analyses, and standards that create scientifically reliable knowledge? † (Fiske, 2010, p. 34) Maybe, one other characteristic is more important, or maybe just as important.The search for wisdom may be the last key characteristics of Social Psychology but being last in this instance does not mean that it is less important. This characteristic is probably the most compassionate aspect of Social Psychology. This characteristic is the search for ways to help improve the circumstances of individuals in certain situations. One already knows that knowledge is important such as that gained from the scientific method, but without compassion and understanding of morals and intellectual concerns Social Psychology would not be the field of study that it is.Perhaps Fiske states it best when she describes it like this, â€Å"Wisdom comprises knowledge about people and the world, combined with enduring moral, intellectual, and societ al concerns that together make sense in the social context of people’s lived experience† (Fiske, 2010, p. 34). Again, it is all about making sense of how individuals influence each other in every way imaginable. Situationism Situationism is a controversial topic. For instance, someone walking down the sidewalk drops money on the ground; the person behind them picks the money up and returns it to the owner.According to situationism this return of the money to the owner is not due to any type of personality trait the person possesses but simply because the situation calls for it. According to Sabine and Silver, (2005, p. 3) â€Å"virtue is not a general disposition to act in a certain way, but a disposition to act in a certain way under quite specific circumstances. † Therefore, the person returning the money may well behave honestly in that particular circumstance but may not necessarily be honest in all aspects of life.This does leave an opening for some broad in terpretation but that is a different point altogether. An individual’s orientation to social contexts, always consist of other people, many researchers even say life is dependent upon social interactions. According to Fiske â€Å"our responsiveness to social situations and therefore their considerable impact results from evolutionary pressures for individuals to survive in groups† (2010, p. 14). If one has doubts about the power of situations all that is needed is some time to revisit the Stafford Prison Experiment.It is possible that given the same situation anyone would behave in a similar manner no matter his or her personality type. Core Social Motives In order for individuals to survive in groups there must be something that drives this need for individuals to be a part of groups. While there are many needs that individuals have, researchers have narrowed down these needs to five core social motives. The most prominent motive is one most people can surely relate t o and that is belonging. Most people are motivated to belong to a group of some type of another.Life is much easier when others are around for many reasons, making the group work easier is one of them, not to mention the feeling of safety one has when they are around others who they believe they can trust (Newman, Lohman, & Newman, 2007). Many people are so motivated to belong they will often change their behavior to become a part of a group. Those who are more socially adaptive and feel a strong sense of belonging, whether that belonging is strong family ties, friends , community, state or nation, belonging is crucial, and has been proven to have some health benefits and those who feel a sense of belonging are happier also.In one study using adolescents and peer relationships â€Å"adolescents who viewed peer group membership as very important to them and had a positive sense of peer group belonging had significantly fewer behavior problems than those who viewed peer group members hip as very important but did not have a positive sense of peer group belonging† (Newman, Lohman, & Newman, 2007, par. 2). While this study used adolescents as subjects, those who feel more pressure to fit in than most other groups the need for belonging is not inclusive to this group.Although belonging is the core motive and a powerful one, it is not the only motive. Another important motive is, understanding. How one understands his or her environment is crucial to the group dynamic. One uncomfortable feeling that accompanies an individual and stops them from feeling as if they are a part of a group is doubt. When people do not understand the environment or situation occurring around them they often believe that other people do have understanding of the situation or at least some knowledge of it.Nothing is more frustrating than feeling that sense of being the only one that does not know or understand or as if one has no control over a situation. Control is the third core mot ive and closely related to understanding. People who understand what is going on in the environment have a firmer sense of control over the situation and are thus happier healthier people (Fiske, 2010). The last two motives neither are cognitive motives nor are they fundamentally the most important but do serve a purpose. A long held belief is that self-esteem is important to the daily lives of individuals.It is true that most people like to hear praise from others for a job well done or be complimented on his or her good qualities but self-enhancement is more about improvement of the self not just the perception of it. Aside from feeling good about the self however self-enhancement is good for the group because those who feel good are more sociable. People who have low self-esteem are more often withdrawn and want to have nothing to do with others. In addition, those who have a low sense of self tend to behave in destructive ways, which in turn creates group dysfunction.Most people in a group do not want to be around someone who commits to negative behaviors. The last motive is trust and although it is last on the list, it would appear to be one of the most important although it does not rank that high. Trust is everything in a group. Who would want to belong to a group if everyone was on guard because no one trusted the other? By trusting, one believes in others to do what is right and not bring harm to those that believe in them, much like faith. There are no guarantees that one may not get hurt but it is important to not live life in a paranoid state.Fiske sums up trust this way, â€Å"Trust facilitates daily life. It makes people both liked and likable, and with good reason. Trusting people deserve trust; they are unlikely to cheat or steal. They are more successful socially, being less suspicious, vindictive, resentful, and lonely than distrusting people† (Fiske, 2010, p. 24) In short trusting people create a trusting environment for others around them. Conclusion Everything people do has social motives. Some researchers believe that life is dependent on social interactions. Without the help from others, life would be incredibly difficult and boring.People often depend on others for love and support. Social rules, help keep individuals on a more positive track and out of trouble, of course there are exceptions to the rule as with anything else. Social Psychology attempts to explain how every interaction affects individuals. With such a broad range of topics, it is amazing that Social Psychology focuses so much on the Scientific Method. However, because the topics are related to human behavior Social Psychology also deals with the more compassionate side as well, and looks to improve the human condition.References Fiske, S. T. (2010). Social beings: Core Motives in Social Psychology (2nd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Newman, B. , Lohman, B. , & Newman, P. (2007). Peer group membership and a sense of belonging: their relationship to adolescent behavior problems. Adolescence, 42(166), 241-263. Retrieved from Education Research Complete database. Sabini, J. , & Silver, M. (2005). Lack of Character? Situationism Critiqued. Ethics, 115(3), 535-562. Retrieved from SocINDEX with Full Text database.

Piracy in Somali - Is it Politically or Economically Motivated Essay

Piracy in Somali - Is it Politically or Economically Motivated - Essay Example However the persistent attacks by pirate ships off the horn of Africa represent a realistic picture of the status of piracy in contemporary times, which is far removed from the romantic portrayal of the issue in the Hollywood blockbuster. Contrary to the depiction of piracy by the popular media, piracy in Somalia is real and an ever-increasing danger faced by the sea-farers. Somalia has gained global attention for repeatedly featuring as one of the top three global hotspots for maritime piracy. According to the ICC International Maritime Bureau's (IMB) report on trends in global piracy, about 439 pirate attacks were reported in the year 2011 of which 275 attacks were reported to have taken place off the coast of Somalia (ICC, 2012). The Gulf of Aden and and the northern, southern, and eastern coasts of Somalia are one of the heavily trafficked coasts in the world. It is on account of this reason that the waters in and around Somalia are vulnerable to such attacks, and categorized as piracy prone. The constant acts of piracy in Somalia have resulted in a rapid economic and political decline of the nation and have attracted severe criticism worldwide. The country was labeled as the World’s most dangerous country by the Forbes Magazine (O'Malley, 2009). Figure 1: Source: Onuoha, 2009: 35 Despite the implementation of stringent measures to counter maritime piracy in Somalia, the number of incidences reporting attacks and hijacking by the Somalian pirates refuse to die down. Piracy has been one of the most dreaded acts of hostility faced by sea-farers and it cannot be hoped to be countered by mere naval means. Measures such as disbanding the criminal structure of the booming "industry", achieving political stability and strengthening the nation's economy must be looked into, in order to prevent such acts of terrorism and bring the phenomenon of piracy to a complete halt. 2. Piracy in Somalia: Brief background The term maritime piracy is defined by Piracy Repo rting Center of the International Maritime Bureau of ICC as "an act of boarding any vessel with the intent to commit theft or any other crime and with the intent or capability to use force in the furtherance of that act" (Wu and Zou, 2009: 139). The Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea 1958 defines piracy as any illegal and/or hostile acts leading to the detention, harm or injury to the crew or passengers on board; as well as intentional destruction, capture and seizing of property on the ship. It also includes acts which are committed beyond the jurisdiction of a particular state1. The issue of maritime piracy has been in existence historically and no strategy has achieved complete success in eradicating this evil. The policy initiatives taken at national as well as international level have so far been merely able to partially suppress the phenomenon. However despite such measures incidences of hijacking, random pirate attacks, and armed hostility continue to be reported. The is sue of piracy in Somalia is of a more serious nature, due to its weak economic structure and long-term political instability. These two factors combined have caused the elevation of piracy from mere erratic sea attacks to the status of an organized crime. Today, maritime piracy is internationally recognized as an issue of serious concern and active steps have been taken to ensure that such activities are curbed instantly. Piracy off the Somali coast did not begin with a group of bandits looking for money or

The Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Great Depression - Essay Example When, on that Black Monday, the stock market did actually crash, and when bankruptcies and layoffs followed on its heels, the country was unprepared-due to ideology as well as limited governmental infrastructure-to deal with the economic repercussions. All signs pointed to a booming American economy in the 1920s. Between the years of 1925 and 1929, the number of factories, shops, and other establishments of production rose from 183,900 to 206,700, better than a ten percent increase; the value of the products coming out of those establishments rose similarly, from $60.8 billion to $68 billion (Galbraith, 2). In addition, the number of new cars rolling off the assembly line rose from 4,301,000 in 1926 to 5,358,000 in 1929 (Galbraith, 2). The power of the American dollar was such that it was in constant circulation; Americans were making money at a faster rate than ever, and they were spending it at a faster rate as well. In addition to the unprecedented growth in the production factor, the question for many middle-class Americans came to be what they should do with their newfound surplus. The Twenties provided no shortage of opportunities in this regard. ... Higher incomes and better transportation were making it increasingly accessible to the frost-bound North. The time indeed was coming when the annual flight to the South would be as regular and impressive as the migration of the Canada Goose" (Galbraith, 3). Indeed the potential for making money was so great in Florida that speculation ran rampant; properties, often swamp land and nowhere near the ocean, could be purchased for a mere 10% down payment, and by 1925, empty lots were trading for many thousands of dollars, based exclusively on the assumption that they would some day be worth a great deal to developers (Galbraith, 4-5). The stock market was another popular investment opportunity. The New York Times securities index averaged, at the time, the prices of twenty-five "good, sound stocks with regular price changes and generally active markets," usually industrials (Galbraith, 7). The average price for those stocks rose steadily and dramatically throughout the Twenties, from $106 in May of 1924 to $245 at the end of 1927, and they continued rising (Galbraith, 7-9). The culmination of these factors lulled Americans into a sense of false security. Somehow, it seems, the prevailing opinion was that success and prosperity would continue; it was seen as the ultimate fulfillment of the American dream. Only the markets could not support the growth; investment and speculation had overvalued stocks, commodities, and real estate. Production would wane, layoffs would occur, and America, precisely because of its blind adherence to this dogma of optimism, would find itself stricken and unprepared to deal with the cons equences. In the aftermath of the stock market crash, it became apparent quite quickly that the country was not ready for an economic

Credibility Assessment for Social Media in Crisis Communication Research Proposal

Credibility Assessment for Social Media in Crisis Communication - Research Proposal Example Many researchers have explored the area of social ties without a keen interest on the dissemination of crisis information through social ties (Duggan & Banwell, 2004). The level of bonding in social relationships is contingent upon the amount of shared time, the degree of intimacy in a relationship, the level of emotional attachment, and the extent of reciprocation in the ties. (Granovetter, 1973). There is an increased contribution of social ties in the process of conveyance of information. This increased role of social ties is significant in crises where information requires real-time dissemination (Miritello, Moro, & Lara, 2011). The high anxiety and expectations usually leaves people hungry for information and this may prompt high social activity to gain information. However, social media can offer information that may not pass verification tests (Duggan & Banwell, 2004). The legitimacy of the information sources may be questionable leading to willful or un-willful misrepresentat ion of information and facts. The information conveyed in crises may have adverse consequences on the reputation of an organization or the government if the information is not comprehensive and true. The media that espouse the flow of communication is crucial in facilitating the reception of and attitude towards the message. For instance, the government or organization’s choice of information source to convey crisis information may have implications on the credibility of the information.

The role of advertising and branding within the laptop industry and Dissertation

The role of advertising and branding within the laptop industry and its effects on consumer purchase decision in Leeds(united ki - Dissertation Example Therefore, the combined role of advertising and branding appears to be more visible in case of most of the products. Liu (2007) has found a positive relation between branding and consumer purchasing decisions for laptops. Significant level of brand awareness for a specific brand will improve the purchasing behaviour for that laptop brand because it influences the consumer decision making process especially on the information search stage of customer (Liu, 2007). The effectiveness of branding in laptop industry is evident from the leading sales of branded laptops. Development of Dell in Malaysia had positive influence of brand image of Dell in Malaysia as its enhanced brand recognition therefore; companies like Acer and HP also have a chance to compete with Dell by increasing their brand recognition (Ghajarzadeh, 2010). Laptop manufacturers usually use informative advertising to make the consumer aware of the product specifications thereby, influencing the purchasing decision of consu mers. PC companies adopt advertising media to influence high-income households and top companies are involved in higher than average advertising and generate higher than average revenues (Goeree, 2004).

Media Ethics IssueFinal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Ethics IssueFinal - Essay Example In other words, ethics is internally self determined rather that externally enforced. But ethics itself is written down as a guide on the practice of different professions such as journalism, medicine and law. This is done to avoid excesses in the practice of the profession. Law, on the other hand, is itself a set of laid down ethics. The basic difference between law and ethics is, therefore, that one is determined by government legislation while the other is determined by practitioners of journalism, or other trade, themselves. The laws that are of most concern to journalists are definitely defamation and libel. The former differs from the latter in that it is concerned with the spoken word while the other deals primarily with the written. Both laws govern against publication of material or information that is detrimental to the reputation and standing in society of individuals, provided that such published material is either false or cannot be proved beyond reasonable doubt to be true. Where such information is published, the individual mentioned adversely in the publication has a right to sue the journalists concerned, and if successful, is entitled to compensation relative to the extent of damage done as determined by a court of law. Members of the journalism profession are faced with the dilemma of choosing between telling the truth and the imminent danger of being sued legally for libel or defamation. Where there isn't sufficient evidence to support an adverse story, editors may be left with no choice but to stop publicizing of a story. Even the fact that journalism is the only private trade that is explicitly recognized by the constitution in many countries, such as the first amendment in the US constitution, the relationship between the fourth estate and government remains a thorny one. In most cases, individuals who bring up libel cases are public figures involved directly in governance. Matters of public interest such as official misappropriation of public funds and corruption may not see the light of day through the media since there is a difficult choice between the potential damage it can do to the persons mentioned if in the end proved not to be true. Journalists in some cases advocate for objectivity in reporting a story as sufficient ground for exemption from legal proceedings, a view that is seen as self- serving government. All the same, the media holds a privileged status in society since it is the most effective way of checking excesses in government; but is austerely governed by both its internal ethics and the long arm of the law. Most journalists prefer the former to the latter. 2. Advertisers influence media content and the resultant ethical issues. Adverts form a large part of media content, since the media depend on advertisers for their income. It is estimated that more than a third of the content carried by the media is adverts. This puts the media in direct conflict with the government time and again. One ethical issue that brings the government into direct conflict with the media is the impact of advertisement on minors who are still not old enough to make fully informed choices. Such an impact on the formative and highly impressionable minds of children is critically examined. The interest of the advertisers is to influence children to buy products by creating the impression that their lives are incomplete without

Respond to post Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respond to post - Article Example We cannot see any disadvantage of these efforts and can declare it as a good investment. But if we look closely, we can find out some new facts. We have determined the ways to prevent the devastating harms of wars but we must ask the question about the more and more dangerous weapons which are clearly used beyond safety purposes. These weapons and machineries are killing our own people. What is causing these harmful outcomes? What is making the wars more and more destructive? What is making people more and more motivated to use their knowledge in a negative way? Probably the mistake is made by our own people, educators or their lack of watchfulness. We cannot deny the usefulness of the new developments, yet, we are far behind in saving ourselves from those advancements. These new technologies must be ‘used’ not ‘misused’. 2: It is undoubtedly clear that America is one of the wealthiest, prosperous and strong countries. It has gained this power and success after great struggles and efforts. However, there are some natural benefits that America had. Regardless of these natural benefits we can still conclude that American nation has utilized its intellect, insight and creativity to make the most out of these benefits. It is evident that education helped them enhance their abilities, creativity and inventiveness. There more and more emphasis on education created the great personalities who developed and invented new technologies which were beneficial to utilize those natural resources in a more fruitful way. Many other countries are also full of natural resources but their inattention to education they are left behind. 3: Knowing the importance of education, researchers and educators are always in a search to find out the best possible way to maintain all the children on the same level. However, due to some disabilities, weaknesses or mental miseries some children do not

First semmester in the university Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First semmester in the university - Essay Example In the past, I had incomplete notes and often went out with my friends before studying. Now, I always take down notes during class discussions, join study groups, and do advance reading whenever I can. In addition, I also rely on my learning style to retain what I am studying. I have learned that I am a visual-auditory person. I learned from the web site Ldpride.net that as a visual-auditory learner, I learn best by reading and listening. Thus, whenever I study for a quiz, I ask someone to pair up with me and read the notes to me. This way, I can listen to the terms and definitions I need to memorize. Likewise, I also use my mobile phone recorder to record my voice while reviewing for exams. I found this very effective especially for memorization tests. The second thing that makes this semester better is the fact that I have made some nice friends. My friends serve as my motivators and study group. Whenever I feel like not attending to classes due to colds, my friends are there to encourage me to attend. They are positive influences in my studies, and in return, I do the same kind of motivation and inspiration to them. We also conduct out-of-class sharing and discussions to analyze issues and concepts discussed in class. So far, everything is going well and we are enjoying each others’ company. The third thing that keeps me on track is the fact that I have made friends with other students internationally. I recently found some friends through social networking sites, thus whenever I have time, I communicate with them online and we exchange ideas on various topics about life. Along with the good start are some things I need to improve on in the next semester. These include getting subjects I want and having the freedom to choose my schedule. I was a bit late during the enrollment, hence I had limited choices relating to class schedule. I promise to enroll earlier next time to get the subjects I want. Moreover, I believe I need to study

Behavioural difficulties with childern (in classroom) Essay

Behavioural difficulties with childern (in classroom) - Essay Example It seems clear that good behavior is easy to maintain if the school and other teachers in the school establish a consistent approach to misbehavior (McCormack 2006). I agree with the statement completely and have found that if teachers get together to establish certain ground rules, the overall discipline level of the entire school can be raised significantly. In my own experience I have tried to ensure that the discipline maintained in the class is equal to the level maintained by other top teachers. Of course in certain cases discipline issues can means a lot more than simple misbehavior of willfulness. McCarthy (2006) suggests that certain discipline problems could come about if the child appears to be emotionally disturbed. While this may certainly be the case, in my experience I have not come across a situation which demands the use of a facility like the Multi Agency Center mentioned in the article. However, it is good to know that such facilities exist and I certainly plan to make use of these if the need arises. I did face a situation where it came to my mind that a child was facing some emotional problems but when I talked to the child in a one on one session, we were able to come to an agreement whereby she promised to improve her behavior and I saw a marked change in her since that. The use of technology has also been recommended to keep children occupied and reduce discipline issues (Pendleton 2006). However, in my opinion this takes the focus away from the real issue. While technology is useful, I find that simply talking to the children about discipline issues and explaining how the collective experience for them is reduced in quality through the misbehavior of some children is more effective. This technique is also recommended for the improvement in the outlook of the entire school (Phillips, 2006). Finally, in certain extreme situations, a teacher may be forced to use restrictive physical means to intervene with pupils

Female circumcision Essay Example for Free

Female circumcision Essay Female circumcision, also referred to as female genital mutilation, is a traditional practice dating back to ancient times in many African and Middle Eastern countries. It is a procedure that involves the cutting, burning or removal of the clitoris, labia and sexual tissues; the specifics of the procedure vary by region and culture. Female circumcision is performed on young girls usually between the ages of five and twelve years old. Many of the girls are tricked or forced into the procedure, which is performed by a woman in the village with knowledge of the tradition but no medical education or training. While it is considered a rite of passage for girls in these cultures, female circumcision has no valid medical purpose. The practice of female genital circumcision is a medically unnecessary one that leaves women with permanent physical, mental and emotional pain and scarring. Female genital mutilation procedures are done differently in various parts of the world. In some cases, the clitoris is cut from the body. In others, the clitoris and labia, the sexual tissues that are external to the vaginal opening, are cut away and the vaginal opening is stitched shut. According to Anika Rahman, there are, â€Å"numerous other procedures that have been documented, such as pricking, piercing, stretching or burning of the clitoris and/or surrounding tissues† (8). The procedure is usually done by a woman of the village or tribe designated for just this task. It is usually performed with knives or razor blades that are not sterile in unsanitary environments and conditions, increasing the risk for infection and complications. Performing such an intricate medical procedure outside of a hospital and without trained medical personnel can result in a variety of complications, including urinary tract infections, pelvic infections and anemia from excess bleeding. One of the most common long-term complications from female circumcision is pain and discomfort during sexual intercourse. Adding to this common problem is the fact that many women whose vaginal openings are stitched closed are forced to stay that way until their first sexual experience with their predetermined husband, which can lead to tearing, bleeding and further tissue damage or scarring. There are emotional and mental scars that accompany female genital mutilation along with the physical ones. In Tears of the Desert, Halima Bashir describes her experiences at eight years old in which a girl is made to feel special without being told what specifically will be done to her: â€Å"In our tradition circumcision is supposed to mark the passage from girlhood to womanhood, and so I was treated almost as if I were getting married† (55). She describes being held down by her own grandmother while a village woman cuts her with a razor blade and that, â€Å"I knew that somewhere deep in my lost womanhood there was a burning heart of agony, but I had removed my mind to a place where it couldn’t be hurt anymore† (57). These words sound like those of a trauma victim in shock rather than those of a girl that has undergone a traditional rite of passage, providing an example of the emotions that can be experienced by a girl forced into female circumcision with no prior knowledge of the procedure. In an interview with Alice Walker, another woman described how she was kidnapped by friends of her family and circumcised: â€Å"†¦her mother had told her they were going to a place where there were many bananas. She loved bananas. When they arrived, she was captured by women she’d never seen before, pinned down by them, circumcised, and kept secluded for two weeks† (Walker 42). Numerous accounts reflect memories of searing physical pain, tearing, bleeding, and fainting. The realization that this is done to a girl when she is as young as five years old makes the procedure seem even more brutal. The actual process of female circumcision is different in each country that practices it and so are the reasons behind it. There are no valid medical reasons for the procedure, and most countries that practice female circumcision hold it as a cultural tradition or rite of passage rather than a religious rite. Rahman states, â€Å"It is important to note that female circumcision is a cultural, not a religious practice. The practice predates the arrival of Christianity and Islam in Africa and is not a requirement of either religion† (6). In these countries, most women are considered the property of their families until they are given away to the husbands their parents has chosen for them to marry, and it is considered vital to go to marriage sexually pure and a virgin. It is believed in these cultures that female circumcision is one way to suppress sexual urges, to prevent sexual activity, and to ensure that a girl’s virginity is kept intact. A girl that isn’t circumcised is considered dirty, impure, and sexually deviant. Ayaan Hirsi Ali describes how, during her childhood in Somalia, â€Å"†¦little girls were made ‘pure’ by having their genitals cut out†¦I was a Somali woman, and therefore my sexuality belonged to the owner of my family, my father or my uncles†¦the place between my legs†¦would be broken only by my husband† (Ali 31, 72). This attitude is a commonly accepted one in countries that practice female circumcision, leading mothers to subject their daughters to the same practice that was done to them and often deceive them in order to force them to submit to tradition. Many girls are taught that they will be physically unclean and unsuitable for any man to want to marry and will therefore bring shame and dishonour to their families if they are not circumcised to keep them pure until marriage. Rheman states, â€Å"Refusing to undergo female circumcision may jeopardize a woman’s family relations, her social life or her ability to find a spouse† (25). Since most of these girls remain in their home villages their entire lives, the concept that not all women undergo this procedure is often unthinkable to them. Halima Bashir relates how, when she went away to college and encountered girls her age that hadn’t been forced to undergo circumcision, â€Å"At first I didn’t believe it. I had just presumed that all girls went through their cutting time† (145). Though it may be tradition, there is proof that female circumcision violates women’s human rights and should be illegal. The international treaty known as the Women’s Convention defends women against human rights violation and sexual discrimination. According to the convention, states Rheman, â€Å"female circumcision must meet two principal criteria. One, it must be a distinction based on sex and two, it must have the effect or purpose of impairing the equal enjoyment of rights by women. Female circumcision fits within this definition of gender discrimination† (21). Female circumcision is intended to stop women from experiencing physical pleasure during sex or even being able to have sex outside of their sanctioned marriage, making it a form of gender discrimination. Female circumcision deserves to be recognized as a tradition in the African and Middle Eastern countries in which it has been practiced. However, its recognition does not warrant the continued abuse and violation of human rights of the women in these countries. These women are subjected to years of physical pain, sexual problems, infections and childbearing complications. These procedures are inflicted upon them without their consent and without informing them of the health risks or alternatives. It represents an antiquated view of women in which they are undervalued and treated as property instead of free-thinking individuals with equal rights and voices. Female circumcision might be tradition, but it’s one that needs to be outlawed for the health and safety of women and in the name of upholding the human rights of all people. Works Cited Bashir, Halima. Tears of the Desert. New York: Ballantine, 2008. Hirsi Ali, Ayaan. Infidel. New York: Free Press, 2007. Rahman, Anika, ed. Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide. New York: Zed Books, 2001. Walker, Alice and Prathiba Parmar. Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women. New York: Harvest Books, 1993.

A Review On Fleet Management Systems Information Technology Essay

A Review On Fleet Management Systems Information Technology Essay Management system of companys vehicles fleet with the help of commercial motor vehicles such as cars, vans, and trucks constitutes fleet management. The word fleet here refers to vehicle and a range of functions such as vehicle financing, vehicle maintenance, vehicle telemetric (taking and diagnostics), driver management, fuel management and health safety management. The companies whose businesses are based on transportation are helped by this system in a no of ways as: Removing or minimize the risks associated vehicle investment. Improving efficiency and productivity. Reducing overall costs of transportation and staff. In house fleet management department or an outsourced fleet management provided deal with these functions. Automatic vehicle locating tracking (AVLT) system Automatic vehicle locating tracking (AVLT) is a system through which the position of the vehicle can be located easily at any place in the earth at any point of time at any weather also with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographical Information System (GIS). Usage: This navigational system is commonly used in: Public Transport Many company management system like Fleet management Inventory management Logistic management etc. It also helps to improve the effectiveness and efficiency in service as well as cost. Types of technology used: This system uses different technologies for functioning e.g. RFID technology, GIS-GPS based technology. Global positioning system (GPS) The space based global navigation satellite system providing reliable location and time information in all weather and at anytime and anywhere on or near the earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to 4 or more GPS satellite called global positioning system (GPS). This system established in 1973. It was created and realized by U.S department of defense (DOD) and is maintained by U.S government originally run with 24 satellites. It was established to overcome limitations of previous navigation system. Anyone with GPS receiver can freely access it. Usage: Today GPS is taken as a dual-use technology having applications both in military project originally. For commerce and scientific uses tracking and surveillance it has become a widely used and useful tool. Banking, mobile phone operations, control of power grids and other every activity are facilitated by GPSs accurate timing. Because of this system efficient, safe, economic and accurate work is being performed by farmers, surveyors, geologists and others. There are three basic components: absolute location, relative movement and time transfer that are used in civilian applications. Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries Map-making used by both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively. Navigation Navigators digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements are valued by navigator. Cellular telephony: GPS/cellular position detection for  mobile emergency calls  and other applications. Tectonics: direct fault motion measurement in  earthquakes is enabled by GPS. Disaster relief/emergency services: To know location and timing capabilities. GPS is used by these services. GPS tours: content to display; for instance, information about an approaching point of interest is displayed is determined by location. Geofencing:  Vehicle tracking systems, person tracking systems, and  pet tracking  systems use GPS to locate a vehicle, person, or pet. These devices attach to the vehicle, person, or the pet collar. The application provides 24/7 tracking and mobile or Internet updates should the tracker leave a designated area. Recreation: geocaching,  geodashing,  GPS drawing  and  way marking GPS Aircraft Tracking Geotagging: For purposes such as photographs and creating map overlays location coordinates are applied to digital object and other documents respectively. However there are only few GPS enabled digital camera. How GPS works: GPS consists of three parts: space segment, control segment User segment. The space and control segments are developed, maintained and operated by U.S Air Force. Each GPS receiver uses to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the current time using broadcasted from space through GPS satellite. A master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and monitor stations constitute control segment. Geographical Information System (GIS) Any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that are linked to location is called Geographical Information System (GIS). It is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology. Google is the most common example which consist data and captured image of locations and shows corresponding location on user screen for which longitude latitude are mentioned. USAGE: cartography,   remote sensing,   land surveying, public utility  management   natural resource management geography urban planning   emergency management   navigation   Localized search engines. Working of Automatic Vehicle Locating Tracking (AVLT) System The system uses computer technology for primarily for tracking vehicles, freight system and automobiles. The information about real-time position of vehicle to a control system is passed on through signals send out by tracking device already attached to vehicle. Among several techniques available for determining the position and transmitting it, the selection of technique to be actually used depends upon the requirements. The position information is stored in a device for a specific period, which could be anything from a few seconds to some minutes. The information is send out by device either in the raw form (electronic signals) or as processed information. Transit agencies often use AVLT systems in combination with computer-aided dispatch, mobile data terminals and emergency alarms for improving passenger services, in real-time passenger information, automatic passenger counters and automated fare payment  systems. Purposes like automatic stop announcements, automated destination signs, monitoring vehicle components and prioritizing traffic signals can also use AVLT system for functioning. Diagram below illustrates representative working of GPS based AVLT system. Advantages of AVLT The AVLT has the following advantages: AVLT is used by Transit agencies for enhancing optimum utilization of fleet and reducing fuel consumption, labor and capital costs. It helps in improving adherence to schedule and accessing passenger information. Availability of plenty of data enables easier management of transit systems which further accounts for increase in net efficiency and productivity of the systems. Along with increase in operational efficiency, AVL systems ability to predict bus arrival timings in real time also enhances customer service, thus making increased customer service and satisfaction as the greatest benefit of AVL. The analysis of service performance in real time as well as chronologically, enabling system planning and emergency repairs is enabled by Supplementary technologies like automatic passenger counters. A direct link between AVL and increased ridership and revenues is shown in study conducted in 2003. Productivity enhanced- more trips, capital savings due to the ability to better utilize vehicles, maintenance costs reduced and thus general reduction of cost per vehicle Better adherence to schedule, accuracy in monitoring and coordination More number of users and higher user loyalty Need for supervisors and manual  data  entry reduced Ability to control operations and driver performance improved Off-route vehicles are tracked effectively. Improved communication network between drivers, supervisors, operators and other staff. Radio messages are lost in less numbers. Capabilities to inform passengers of bus arrival times improve the quality of service and help the travelers to take better decisions complaints from customers are reduced and thus need for customer information personnel these steps improve overall image of the transit agency The data is more accurate and complete and thus the agency is able to schedule and plan better Preparation time for schedule as well as number of staff required can be reduced. Better bus stop placement Better  security  for driver as well as travelers by enabling faster location of vehicles and response to accidents Better operational decisions towards detours due to sudden developments like bad weather, roadway closings and accidents COSTS FOR AVLT For the on-board device and the control center procurement, installation and software are included in the costs of AVLT. The costs of AVL also include labor costs concerning maintenance and new staff to operate the systems. Depending on the size, number of components and the sophistication of the system AVL systems are available at different prices. Today, there are wide ranges of AVL system models available. The simplest and basic models possess features like GPS/ DGPS AVL that have computerized dispatching, mobile data terminals and silent alarms. Models with highly sophisticated features are also available. For large fleet that needs similar features, as the cost of the central monitoring system is distributed over a larger number of vehicles, these systems workout to be cheaper ones. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review paper is to make a thorough study on: 1 . A review on where AVLT is being used. 2. Name of different service providers of AVLT in India 3. How this useful technology AVLT has helped Indian companies (Citing example of some Indian companies) 4. Effectiveness and trends of AVLT in Indian market 5. The difficulties faced to implement AVLT in large scale. A Review on Where AVLT is being used Transit agencies use AVLT to enhance optimum utilization of fleet and reduce fuel consumption, labor and capital costs. AVLT helps to improve adherence to schedule and access passenger information. With AVL, more data is available and this makes it easier to manage transit systems. The net efficiency and productivity of the systems thus increases. According to Kent Stable, Marketing Manager, Chameleon Direct are suppliers of GPS vehicle tracking systems Vehicle tracking devices can save your business significant amounts of money by providing you with information about inefficient practices that you would not easily be able to find out by any other means. Many problems associated with multi fleet businesses can be ironed out very swiftly when you have the right information. Track and monitor your entire fleets movements with the Automatic Vehicle Location System. An easy to install, implement, and cost efficient solution. Know exactly where your vehicles have been, where they ´re headed, and how fast.- (an advertisement given by Vodafone, India on all time real fleet management system ) Use of AVLT in India abroad Vehicle tracking system in India  is mainly used in transport industry that keeps a real-time track of all vehicles in the fleet. Though there are various GPS software and hardware developing  companies  in India working for tracking solutions, however, its application is not all that popular as in other countries like USA, Japan, Malaysia etc. which regulates the whole GPS network. In India it is mostly used in Indian transport and logistics industry and not much personal vehicle tracking eg. Delhi Transport Corporation , Meru Cabs. In a call-taxi operation, tracking the location of each available taxi in real-time is extremely critical. It would not be possible to scale up beyond 200-300 taxis with manual tracking, with the use of walkie-talkies or mobile phones. Hence we have opted for technology that is scalable for thousands of taxis, and is a highly successful model in countries like Singapore -MERU CABS Freight forwarding Logistic service providers are now increasingly adopting vehicle-tracking system for better fleet management and timely service. The system can continuously monitor shipment location and so can direct the drivers directly in case of any change of plan. Fleet managers can keep an eye on all activities of workers, vehicle over speed, route deviation etc. The driver in turn can access emergency service incase of sickness, accident or vehicle breakdown. All in turn supports money and time management, resulting better customer service. Acoording to Dr.Vinod N.Sambrani, (Institute of Management Studies Kuvempu University, Karnataka) and Dr. M. S. Subhas (Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka) Route analysis helps managers to generate the most efficient route (best route / shortest route) that the vehicle should take between the company and it supply chain link. Alternative routes can also be generated and analyzed. Alternative routes help in rerouting of the supplies in case of problems (either man -made or natural on one route.) The best example of application of AVLT in freight forwarding is the popular logistic and courier company Federal Express(FedEx) totally depends on AVLT system . Emergency Management system Emergency management system is now a days getting is popularity in India . Health Management Research Institute (HMRI ) Hyderabad runs an emergency ambulance system (108) through AVLT to give customer proper service and reach at the emergency place within 30minites of the occurance of any accidents. Call centers In commercial vehicle segments the taxi operators of various call centers are now using vehicle-tracking system for better information access.   However, its application is in its infant stage in India and if adequate steps are taken in bringing the cost of hardware and software low then it can be used for tracking personal vehicle, farming (tractor), tourist buses, security and emergency vehicle etc. Again Government needs to cut down the restriction imposed upon the availability of digital maps for commercial use and this will encourage software industry in developing cost-effective tracking solutions. Though, sales of both commercial and passenger vehicles are growing but price of tracking service is very high and this is the key issue in Indian market. Hence, its important for market participants to reduce prices of GPS chips and other products in order to attract more and more users. As far as  Indian vehicle tracking  and navigation market is concerned the recent association of India with Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) will act as a catalyst in the improvement of vehicle tracking system. This will give an advantage in managing traffic, roadways and ports and also as an important tool for police and security agency to track stolen vehicles. Hence, in near future there is large prospect for the utility of vehicle tracking system in India, which can revolutionize the way we are communicating. Companies in India using AVLT in Fleet Management SAIL ( Steel Authority of India) : SAIL , Indias one of the top 10 public sector company in terms of turnover , uses AVLT for their Fleet Management system to optimize the routes, real time functionalities like tracking , reporting , controlling , monitoring , emergency situation handling etc. DTC(Delhi Transport Corporation) : DTC is one of the largest city road transport undertaking in India. It has a fleet of around 15000 vehicle carrying on the business on passenger transport on 800 routes from 33 depots all over Delhi with product mix comprising of City Intercity services. Meru Cab Services: One of the famous call taxi service in India, totally manages their fleets through AVLT .Locating the clients pick up and drop point , finding the shortest route and also monitoring the drivers performance and fuel efficiency in all the cases AVLT provides the solution. Maruti Udyog Limited: Maruti the leader in Indian automobile industry for two decades also uses AVLT system for their fleet management system .Tracking the inventory , supply and monitoring etc is done by AVLT system Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) : AVLT system is used to track the total fleet management . All the new buses have this GIS -GPS based navigation facility. Garbage Truck Monitoring (Swachcha Bangalore ) is another project taken by Bangalore Government with AVLT technology. EMRI HMRI 108 Service , Hyderabad : Emergency Management system and Health Management Research Institute of Hyderabad has launched 108 Ambulance services . They promises to reach any specific location within the 30min of the causalities. They fully depend on the AVLT system and totally manages their fleets. The Goa Government has also started this facility recently. Companies Providing Fleet Management services in India (Cities in India where GIS based vehicle tracking systems are used) The companies providing these services are as follows: Vodafone Telecom Services Airtel Telecom Services Albireo Telematics Pvt Ltd TriCAD Design Consultants (P) Ltd. Vajra Infratech Aayur Technology Solution Adhyan Techno Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Arya Omnitalk Wireless Solutions Private Limited CERT InfoTrack Clay Telematics Pvt. Ltd. Dhanus Digi m-Track Digitrack Eagleeye India effiKC Findnsecure Geo Edge Private Limited Indtrack Solutions INEN Solutions P Ltd Intergrated Digital Info Services Limited Invendis Technologies iWate Systems MahaVentures Next Gen Technologies Noble Integrated Solutions Nucleus Microsystems Omatics Remedy Software Systems Pvt. Ltd. Rilapp Network SATCOP India Sattvah Embedded Technologies (P) Ltd Smart Signals Pvt. Ltd. Symbioun Solutions Limited Traccia Traxis India Pvt. Ltd. CASE STUDIES OF DIFFERENT COMPANIES USING AVLT 1.Fleet Management System adopted by Maruti Maruti Udyog Limited has been the market leader in Indian Automobile Industry from the past two decades. MUL launched a service named N2N Fleet To facilitate the sales of MUL cars using the relationship management approach through Leasing and Fleet Management as two products, Management Solution, Through tie ups with other service providers like insurance company, replacement car service provider, and manpower service provider MUL presented a common face to the end client with a whole gamut of services. End-to-end backups/solutions across the vehicles life like: Leasing, Maintenance, Convenience services and Remarketing are some of the key services being offered by MUL. CHALLENGES FACED MUL was in search of a B2B solution, a common platform for all the partners, clients and respective MUL departments. As this service included interaction and data exchange between multiple organizations therefore safety and security of data became a very important issue not only for MUL, but also for partners and customers. Strict performance criteria and tight deadlines were the other challenges involved in the project. THE SOLUTION After a very tough business process analysis the AVLT system was by a business solutions provider. The modular architecture was customized in such a way so that the diff users can use the system as per their requirements. Scalability, security and flexibility were most important issues that were taken account of. THE BENEFITS The AVLT system provided MSU with Complete monitoring capabilities for its fleet of vehicles, maintenance, insurance, accident, rescue, and remarketing. 2. The success story of Meru Cabs Meru the new call taxi service launched last year by V-Link Taxi Pvt. Ltd, has re established the belief that IT can be deployed in just about any field, and can lead to phenomenal gains. As it is rightly said, Technology does not drive change-it enables change. The same has been the case with V-Link Taxis Pvt. Ltd. There was a complete transformation in the way V link carried out its operations after deploying the GPS-based system to track the newly-launched fleet of cabs called Meru. This service was first started of from Mumbai. The Challenges Sharing the importance of the solution, Nilesh Sangoi, CTO, V-Link said, In a call-taxi operation, tracking the location of each available taxi in real-time is extremely critical. It would not be possible to scale up beyond 200-300 taxis with manual tracking, with the use of walkie-talkies or mobile phones. Hence we have opted for technology that is scalable for thousands of taxis, and is a highly successful model in countries like Singapore. The Solutions V-Link has deployed different technologies from a number of different firms in India and abroad, including Dubai and Singapore. We use high-end GPS and GPRS (general packet radio service) technology in our Maruti Esteem vehicles. The technology has been specially deployed to ensure that passengers receive a timely response and are picked up and dropped at their destinations without any unnecessary delay, reveals Nilesah Sangoi (Tech. Head of Meru Cabs) Our vision is to give urban commuters in India a world-class traveling experience, by using a technology that has evolved in developed countries over the past twenty years, adds Sangoi. Every cab is fitted with a GPS-based tracking device that facilitates in locating the taxi closest to a customer pick-up location. Customer addresses and other details are communicated back to the driver on the display screen via the GPS enabled display in the cab avoiding the use of outdated radio trunking (walkie-talkie) technology. Every cab also has a tamper proof digital fare meter. The control room gets regular feed about the distance traveled, fare and the location of each cab. Customers also get a printed copy of the fare receipt at the end of the trip. Each cab is fitted with communication terminal (MCT), which has a built-in GPS receiver, LCD (liquid crystal display) screen and GPRS connectivity, which facilitates two way communication with the control room. Our data centre hosts a set of communication servers, application servers, and database servers, which are in constant touch with each taxi through GPRS. The latitude and longitude information is plotted on a GIS (Geographical Information Systems) map for real-time tracking, says Sangoi. The Benefits: This GPS enabled technology empowers the customer to book a cab through phone internet and SMS, and the control room can track the cab nearest to the customers location enabling a significant reduction in the turnaround time. If any customer leaves nay belonging in the cab the customer can lodge a complaint about the item left behind and the cab can be located to trace the lost item and it will be returned to the customer. This Fleet Management system is also important from the point of view of the passengers safety, and can also be used to note the drivers performance. V-Link Taxis Pvt. Ltd is a subsidiary of the V-Link Group, a corporate fleet management services organization that is headquartered in Mumbai, and operates in five major cities-Mumbai, Delhi and NCR, Pune, Bangalore, and Hyderabad. The company manages a fleet of over 5000 vehicles running an aggregate of more than 150,000 km a day. We have invested heavily in technology to provide best-in-class and highly reliable customer service. The investments are in line with the needs of todays competitive and swift-moving world, concludes Sangoi. In the future too, the organization aims to continuously upgrade its IT infrastructure to keep pace with the times. 3. EMRI HMRI Emergency Management Research Institute and Health Management and Research Institute , Hyderabad took a revolutionary step in the history of Indians emergency and health management system .They managed to build up the fleet management so efficiently that anytime and anywhere e its an emergency (disaster) or health related problem , they will reach the certain place within minimum time after getting the call in 108 hotline number. Later GVK EMRI , Mumbai also followed the same steps The Challenges The first challenges faced was to establish the system widely .. They had to build up many centers throughout the state. They also had to build up an efficient call center and to establish an efficient fleet management system to diagnose the emergency point and detect the nearest location of the fleet (eg. Ambulance) and send the fleet to the destination accessing the shortest and efficient route. The Solution They took the IT service help from Satyam Technologies Limited (Currently known as Mahindra Satyam) and build up an efficient fleet management system .They established a module based system. The main module is called as MCC( Mission Control center ) which gets the first news about the emergency from the call center and then locate the nearest centers , fleet and shortest route that gives the fastest access to the destination . The Benefits This fleet management system not only changed the look out of the emergency management system in India but that also inspired other states to follow this path. The efficient and excellent service fetched many awards to EMRI HMRI. Like GVK EMRI bagged NASSCOM CNBC TV18 IT user Award 4. Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) Delhi Transport Corporation is the one of the largest City Road Transport Undertaking in the India. It has a fleet of around 15,000 vehicles carrying on the business of passenger transport on 800 routes from 33 depots all over the state of Delhi with a product mix comprising of City and Inter-city services. The Challenges à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integration of GPS with GIS map of Delhi for tracking of vehicles on a real time basis with two way messaging including distress messaging between the vehicle and the control station. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring whether the scheduled route and the time tables of the buses are followed or not. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatic generation, collection, storage and retrieval and analysis of data information and thus eliminating the human related errors involved in collecting of such data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Building a dedicated integrated database employees, buses, bus routes etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using the GIS model as a support system for implementation of the transport policies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analysis of deviations from standard like schedule route, timing, Missing Bus stops, Punctuality factor etc. based on captured vehicle data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Enabling automatic bill generation for the buses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quick dispatch of relief vehicles in case of breakdown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integration with the Delhi metro smart card. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Working out realistic schedules according to traffic conditions based on speed of bus during different hours of the day and at different segments The Solution To accomplish the above-mentioned objectives challenges, CMC Ltd has developed an Automatic Fleet Management System incorporating its DGPS based Automatic Vehicle Tracking and Management system (AVTMS). CMC Designed, Developed and Implemented the Automatic Fleet Management System that include Vehicle Tracking System, Application software for billing, Operational Transportation Model for scheduling of buses and integration of Smart Card Reader with the Vehicle Tracking System, provision for Real Time Passenger Information System to Delhi Transport Corporation. The AFMS system is currently operational from two depots for 200 buses since last two years. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ GPS based tracker unit installed on 200 buses belonging to 2 depots à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring from a Central Control Station for both the depots simultaneously à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Solar based Database Server, AVTMS server, Communication Server à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Display of vehicles at Workstation using ARC Info suite and VC++ based application software à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Established two way messaging system between buses the central control room. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Public Mobile Radio Trunking System (Wireless Communication network) for collecting data from buses. Area of coverage is 1500 square kms. The Benefits Verification and Validation of GIS data of Delhi procured from a GIS data vendor, with the help of GPS in both standalone and differential mode. This is to ensure that the data is in required co-ordinate system. Real time trials were conducted after the buses were installed with the GPS devices to ensure the integrity of the data. Additional custom data as required in the project were collected by conducting extensive field surveys and were encoded in the map of Delhi for facilitation. GIS data was integrated with the turntables containing all the relevant information about various junctions. Application and customization of the of the screen of the reports and queries of the GIS data includes all the info about the buses and other fleets. 5. Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) In 1997, BMTC was spun off from the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation(Ksrtc) in order to focus exclusively on Bangalores rapidly expanding transit needs. The Bangalore Transport Service became Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation and the colour scheme was changed from Red to a Blue and White combination.BMTC remains a division of KSRTC. The Challenges Integration of GPS with GIS map of Bangalore for tracking of vehicles on a real time basis with two way messaging including distress messaging between the vehicle and the control station. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring whether the scheduled route and the time tables of the buses are followed or not. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatic generation, collection, storage and retrieval and analysis of data information and thus eliminating the human related errors involved in collecting of such data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Building a dedicated integrated database employees, buses, bus routes etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using the GIS model as a support system for implementation of the transport policies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analysis of deviations from standard like schedule route, timing, Missing Bus stops, Punctuality factor etc. based on captured vehicle data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Enabling automatic bill generation for the buses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quick dispatch of relief vehicles in case of breakdown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Working out realistic schedules according to traffic conditions based on speed of bus during different hours of the day and at different segments. Providing Real time information to the passengers . The Solution To accomplish the above-mentio

Branding architecture and strategies

Branding architecture and strategies Brand distinguishes a companys product from its competitors and an identified product or service that closely satisfies customers needs and wants. Brand is an asset to a company and reflects the quality of customer service. Branding is all about the customers trust of the product or service and makes the segmentation easier for the company. The difference between a company and its competitors should be communicated by brand, because it makes a company unique. BMW, Toyota, Luis Vuitton, NEXT, Debenhams, Nike and Coca Cola are the well-known brands that command price premium and stimulate deep customers loyalty. Branding is the collection of actual and emotional characteristics associated with a particular identified product or service that differentiates it from the rest of marketplace Hand-out notes by tutor Anthony smith Branding is an important aspect of marketing to build a strong image of a company. Mercedes Benz is an automobile brand that commands a premium with their engineering, performance, quality, customer service and after sales service. Toyota shares all these attributes but still they were not positioned as premium in the customers mind. Toyota then formed Lexus as a premium brand with the partnership of both Toyota and Lexus shared engineering, design elements and customer service to successfully compete the big automobile brands like Audi, BMW and Mercedes Benz. How-to-branding.com Brand Architecture Brand architecture refers to the hierarchy of brands within a single company. It is the interrelationship of the parent company, subsidiary companies, products, and services, and should mirror the  marketing strategy. Kompanigroup.com How an organization structures various products, services or other entities within its portfolio and how they relate to one another. Brandinstitue.com In the growing economy we can see different companies merging with each other and form the strategy for each of the targeted group in which every product can bring its own brand name. Good and clear brand architecture clues a company towards brand positioning and also helps to get sustainable competitive advantage. There are three different types of brand architecture strategies. Corporate/Monolithic Branding Strategy In this strategy company takes on a unified brand for all products and target markets. This strategy brings simplicity, and cost deficiencies can be achieved as opposed to multi-branding architecture, in which a corporate brand plays a smaller role. Microsoft, Intel, Disney, CNN, SONY, Nike, Virgin and coca cola etc. are the best examples of corporate branding. Corporate banding makes the advertising easier for the company as they just advertise their name and slogan. . Coca cola is recognizable in every continent of the world through its red curved bottle and logo. SONY is a corporate brand as its name is attached to everything, from its DVDs to play station. The founder of SONY, Akio Morita, once said: I have always believed that the company name is the life of an enterprise. It carries responsibility and guarantees the quality of the product. Therefore corporate strategy leads a company to sustainable financial outcomes. Brandingstrategyinsider.com . Adhistry.wikispaces.com Google.co.uk Multi/Individual Branding Strategy Multi Brand Strategy refers to a marketing strategy under which two or more than two similar products of a firm are marketed under different brand names.   Finance.mapsofworld.com It is very difficult for a brand to position itself in a diversified environment where the customers needs and wants are different. Therefore, company can fill different market segments through diversifying its product range. VW, PG, Unilever and Diageo are the best examples of multi branding. PG is the prime example, having a multiple shampoo brand to influence different customers, like head shoulder for dandruff, Pentene for healthy hear and Sassoon for professional saloon experience. Through multi branding a company can target more than one segment in the market and fill the price gaps. Multi branding is a good strategy but sometime it fails because of the poor management. Due to failure it could harm the family brand name. VW took many years to change the negative brand image of Skoda from the customers mind. Helen Meek. et al, 2001 Google.co.uk Endorsed Branding A brand that carries the endorsement of a  source brand (the parent company). Brandbuild.eu Endorsements add integrity and assurance of the indorsed sub brand in customers mind without overpowering it with its own association. Endorsed branding is suitable for the company, using varied product portfolio, e.g. Nestle, Cadbury, Unilever etc. Nestle written on the  Kit Kat,  Cadbury written on Dairy Milk to provide credibility and assurance to the product. Some companies give independence to the endorsed brands like Unilever give freedom to the Heartbrands such as Feast, Magnum and Cornetto and they have their own marketing campaigns and target market. Some companies has firm relationship between company name and product, e.g. Ford does it with the model Mustang, people using either the brand name Mustang or the full name Ford Mustang. Google.co.uk Brand Elements Brand elements are those trademarkable devices that identify and differentiate the brands. There are certain elements of a brand, like names, logos, symbol, characters, slogans, design, features etc. some important elements are mentioned below. Kotler et al, 1996 Brand Name Name is the most significant element of the brand. This is the only part of the brand which should never be changed. It help customers to identify distinguish product from competitors. It is not necessary the brand name is associated with the company and can be different. But if the brand name is linked with the quality of the product either high or low, then all good must be of the same standard. MS is the prime example of providing quality products through St Michael Brand as one can see its tag on the cloths and food and household goods as well. Brand Image Brand image is fundamental way through which a customer recognises and believes a brand. It gives a company an identity and creates a better image in the mind of the customers. Brand image is unique that clearly reflects the image of the organisation and different from the competitors. To build a right image in the customers mind, the company must have to focus on brand identity. Brand Personality Brand personality is the goodwill of the brand. It is associated with the benefits and attributes of the brand. Brand personality is unique and long lasting; it is the emotional attachment of the consumers with the product, e.g. Sony and Panasonic, both are the giants of electronic sector, although both got same features, some peoples prefer one of the other because of their trust on the product by long time. Brand Association Associations, according to Aaker (1991) represent the bases for purchase decisions and for brand loyalty. The way consumers perceive brand is a key determinant of long-term business-consumer relationships. Hence, building strong brand perceptions is a top priority for many firms today. Morris, 1996 It is the perception of the customers towards a brand attributes and quality. Brands can be associated with the name, colours, symbols, attitudes, expressions and sound etc. Mercedes Benz is associated with the luxury drive and excellent engineering, Nike with its Slogan, Nokia with its sound, and Coca Cola with its red colour, Colgate toothpaste with cavity protection and Microsoft with Bill Gates. Renault has launched a successful campaign for its model Clio and used the famous French footballer Thierry Henry and Sesame Steet in the Va Va Voom advertisement. This campaign resulting attract more male customers than females. This is how celebritys association to the brand benefits organisation. Kotler et al, 1996 Brand association gives the basis of buying and brand loyalty to the customers. Companies always try to associate their brands with the positive things to create good image of the product in the mind of customers. Brand association developed if the product is desirable, durable and satisfies the customers needs. Positive customers perception about the product makes a brand stronger. It is formed on the basis of Product attributes, Advertisement, Relevant price, Quality, Celebrity and big entity association, Competition and Display points. Brand positioning Positioning is the place in consumers mind that you want you brand to own. For example, Hallmark caring shared, and Disney Family Fun entertainment. Positioning is not what you do to a product; positioning is what you do to the mind of the prospect. Ries and Trout, 1981 Brand positioning is successfully built through continuous communication with the customers about the product to its targeted market, through advertisement, brand name and its packing. Brand positioning refers to the position in the customers mind, it does not relate to market position. Brand positioning is associated with the market segmentation. The right market segment is to be targeted for the brand positioning. Brand positioning is all about a customers perception about the product. There are certain ways for a brand to be positioned, e.g. offering specific benefits, targeting a specific segment, pricing and distribution. Brand positioning is an important concept in which a company can decide where it wants to position its brand in its field relative to competition. Brand positioning is a thinking that guides a company to build a relationship between the brand and customers. Brand positioning gives space in the customers mind, so the company become in the better position to control over its own brand image. Price and quality are the most common attributes are considered in the brand positioning. To get a good position in the customers mind the company introduce brand of a good quality with on competitive price. The quality of the product must be at least equivalent or better from the competitors. Quality perception is the most powerful element of the brand positioning. Once a company is successful in building a powerful perception of quality will result in building a powerful brand. Psychological element is dominant to some extent in building a quality perception as some peoples psyche is that the product with high price tag is of good quality. Communicating brands through their specific features is another way to position brands, e.g. Clinic all clear, Dare to wear Black or Pakistan and India surf excel is advertised as stain remover, Surf Excel hena. Culture is another strong aspect to the brand positioning. Different companies use cultural symbols to differentiate products from their competitors. Examples including, Air India advertise through Maharaja, Tata tea, Hamara Bajaj etc. Treedeuce.com Brand Extension Brand extension  is a marketing strategy in which a firm that markets a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name but in a different product category. Brandexpress.net When a firm uses its brand in another product form, or even within another product class, then the firm is stretching the brand (also referred to as brand extension). Iain Ellwood, 2002 Virgin is the good example of brand extension as they sell everything from records to airline travel, to cola drinks to wedding parties from clothing to cosmetic and computers. This is successful in brand extension because it has the ability to connect the customer directly and give them values. Many firms attempt to extend their brands but all the brand extensions are not suitable or desirable. An extended brand always works best in a top to down direction. It is always easy for a company to bring brand extension from relatively cheaper product line. Ralph Lauren and Gucci are the best example. Ralph Lauren extended from luxury clothing to jeans and bed linen while Gucci brand is extended from luxury clothes to oven gloves, cooking aprons and dog toys. An extended brand has a low introductory cost because the customers, traders and retailer are well aware of the product. Brand extension brings options to the customers through variety of products. If the product is of lower quality, will result in damaging in overall brand value. Iain Ellwood, 2002 Caterpillar is one of the biggest non-sporting footwear companies in the world with its brand CAT. This is basically a construction and mining equipment manufacturing company that extended their brand in this potential segment. It was perceived that it is the biggest mistake of the caterpillar but the extension was a big success. Sometimes the brand extension, implemented incorrectly due to less understanding. LEGO is a Danish toy manufacturing company, decided to extend its brand and launched its own product line of cloths, watches and video games but it was ignored by its target market, that result half of its employee are redundant back in 2004. Kotler et al, 2009 Michelin and Goodyear are the French companies, famous for making rubber tyres and having a number of brand extensions. Michelin brand extensions are car and cycle related product, footwear and clothing, sports and leisure and personal accessories. On the other hand Goodyear becomes the partner of the Adidas to make a series of driving shoes. Kotler et al 2006 We can see normally financial services providers have not attempted to extend their brands, and only concern with their original market. On the other hand, there are too many non-financial service providers extended directly to the financial services. E.g. Tesco extended its market to Tesco banking and Tesco insurance. Benefits of branding To customers People buy brands, because they are well aware of the quality of the product and save time and efforts. Buying a branded product can give customers a peace of mind and credibility. Most of the branded products have warranty policies, which gives customers assurance of a quality product. Some big companies having product replacing policies, e.g. DeWalt a power tool manufacturing company, replace the product immediately in case of damage. To intermediaries/stakeholders There are certain benefits of branding to different stakeholders, that directly/indirectly effecting the organisation. Multinational organisations always have the strategy for social, environmental and economic issues, so Companies contribute to the societies in which they operate. Brands follow government regulations to minimise any adverse effect to the environment and pays tax and create job opportunities that help governments to control over unemployment. Employees always attract to innovative companies where learning opportunities are always there to enhance their career. Multinational companies give assurance of the job security and give career path at the time of recruiting them. Instead of supplying goods directly to retailers, companies distribute goods through agents or distributers. Distributers get long-term agreements from the known brand companies and also benefits from the goodwill of from that brand. Retailer can get benefits from the companys overall marketing campaign. Sustainable competitive advantage When two or more firms compete within the same market, one firm possesses a competitive advantage over its rivals when it earns (or has the potential) to earn a persistently higher rate of profit. Grant, 2002 It is very important for every organisation to be successful in long term. Effective corporate branding is certainly the main source of getting sustainable competitive advantage in the market. Worlds famous corporate brands do not sell products, they sell concepts, e.g. Coca Cola does not sell a soft drink, it sells enjoyment and Microsoft does not sells computers, it sells possibility. Brand designers create a corporate brand identity through promotional material and advertising campaign to establish a corporate identity. There are certain brand characteristics that lead a company to get sustainable competitive advantage. A well designed logo and a strong identity system can give a company an edge over its competitors. Through Brand Identity A unique set of brand associations that the brand strategist aspires to create or maintain. These associations represent what the brand stands for and imply a promise to customers from the organisation members. Aaker, 2004 Brand identity is the way a company aims to identify or position itself or its product or service. Kotler et al, 2009 Brand identity is the first thing that a customer experience and plays a major role in getting a sustainable competitive advantage in the market. Brand attributes are is a bag of features that shows the personality of a brand and these attributes help to create brand identity. Brand identity is supported by emotional and unique elements and values, serve to distinguish the brand in the market, especially for progressively competitive environments, service organisations and recreational sectors. Brand identity creates a distinct identity that is very hard for the competitors to duplicate. The main elements to build a strong brand identity are human resources, organisational culture, organisational structure, stationary, company cards, company dà ©cor, packing, catalogue, market and innovation etc. Kotler et al, 2009 Through Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is considered as ultimate reward for a brand as it is another factor which leads a company to get a sustainable competitive advantage. Customers always prefer to buy those brands they are loyalty with, even though that is expensive and have close substitutes in the market. Apples iPod is a product to listen mp3/mp4 music, and the big electronic giants like Sony, Panasonic and so many other companies have same product with same features at the relatively low price than Apples iPod. Majority of the customers buy iPod just because they are loyal with the brand. Through Brand Equity Brand is a symbol of extremely precious part of legal property, that can control consumer behaviour and it also provides the protection of persistent future revenues to the firm. Brand equity is called the amount that is directly or indirectly accrues by these various benefits. Kapferer, 2005; keller, 2003 Companies invest huge amount of money to develop brand equity. Brands with high equity win the space in the market because of the uniqueness, reliable services and continuous and effective relationship with the customers. Stronger brand image takes a company to financial advantage through the brand equity. Brand equity leads a company to charge perineum prices for the product to raise their profit margin.

The Pursuit of Social & Religious Justice :: Essays Papers

The Pursuit of Social & Religious Justice The pursuit of social and religious justice has been part of our societal structure since the beginning of time. The most recent, large scale, attempt at the â€Å"purification† of the human race, in the ‘name’ of social/religious justice, was put into motion by Osama bin Laden, who caught the eyes of the world by having some of his followers kill thousands of American civilians. This event was a life changing experience for me. Watching an airplane crash into the second twin tower, before anyone had any idea what was happening on September 11, 2001 opened my eyes, and many others’ eyes, to the outside world; it made me wonder, â€Å"why?† It made me think about how the world sees America. This paper will not delineate why there are lunatics intent on the extermination of certain races, religious followers, or any other group of people; what it will do is explore the basic teachings of the most influential prophets of the three main mo notheistic religions, as well as discuss historical â€Å"Holy† wars, in an attempt to show that these proclaimed â€Å"Holy† wars are in fact political wars – and not within the practices of the basic religious beliefs. It will then offer some suggestions as to implementing positive future strategies for social/religious justice. In the very beginning, men did not worship any God, but merely envisioned some higher force, which influenced much of their life. As Karen Armstrong puts it,â€Å"...he is strangely absent from their daily lives: he has no special cult and is never depicted in effigy† [1]. As man evolved, so did his belief system. Before monotheism entered their lives, they worshipped idols, demi-gods and many gods who were believed to be a part of a unity shared among the gods, nature and mankind. The development of the three monotheist religions occurred in a sequential order. The first believed prophet was Moses, born around 800BC. Moses had lived a privileged life as the son of a royal Egyptian family. He was not originally accustomed to the worship of one God, known to some as Yahweh, but that changed one day as he herded his father-in-law’s sheep.

Summary On The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down By Ann Fadiman Essa

The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down by Ann Fadiman is a very interesting book. It’s amazing how difficult it is for Americans to understand other cultures because the United States is such a diverse country. However, as an American, I understood the frustrations that Lia Lee’s doctors’ felt when trying to diagnose and treat her properly. In this book both the American doctors and the Hmong peoples faced many hardships and barriers when trying to communicate with each other. After having read this book I can understand where both groups were coming from and reasons for their actions. I could only imagine the level of difficulty and anger that the doctors and Lia’s parents must have experienced over that time period. The two items that I will be discussing are questions one and two. Looking at the Lee family from a psycho-social perspective, I would say that they are a very close nit family who value their culture. The wife, Foua is very independent in the sense that she gave birth to all of her children except Lia, without any help or assistance from anyone. Also because she worked in the fields all through her pregnancies. The husband, Nao Kao is a very loving, and supporting to his wife and children. The Lee’s value their beliefs and believe strongly in their customs. They possess close nit ties to other Hmong people and although they were taught their own healing remedies, they are somewhat accepting of western customs as well. While reading this book, I identified many problems and stressors. Some of them include the language barrier, which made it hard for doctors to ask questions like what’s the problem, where does it hurt, how bad is the pain, etc. The language barrier also made it hard for doctors to explain diagno... ... had previously had experienced. I think Jeanine taught them a valuable lesson in the sense that all Americans are not the same. We all are not capable of understanding other cultures and peoples. We all do not pass judgments or view those who are different from us in a negative way. All Americans are not trying to convert other people into their way of life. We all don’t feel that our culture is superior to others. Americans can be open- minded individuals. Not all Americans agree with all of the laws of our country. Overall I believe that having Jeanine as their social worker, the Lee’s and Lia’s doctors learned some valuable lessons. The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down is an excellent read. I would recommend that everyone read this book especially people whose professions requires them to do extensive work with people from different backgrounds and cultures.

Guidance and Counseling Essay

1. Five terms in counseling with their definitions and why you chose them? a. Individualization – A client is unique and sine the client is different techniques in helping him should be different. I chose this term because it is pretty obvious that it is very important to know the differences of each client to help them more effectively. b. Controlled Emotional Involvement – the client also need to receive appropriate response to his feelings. The counsellors response must be must be based on the thorough knowledge and understanding of the client’s feelings, guided by purpose and not by emotion. While I was reading the hand-outs I was amazed with the principles of the counseling. This is my first time to know that trained counsellors are guided by principles and not by emotions. c. Acceptance – The counsellor views the client as a whole person with strength and weaknesses, positive and negative feelings, congenial and non-congenial qualities. I agree with this principle because a counsellor must not choose whom he want to give counsel and must welcome anyone who needs it. d. Nonjudgmental attitude – A client should not be judged. The counsellor’s role is to objectively evaluate and understand the client and his situation. A counsellor must not be subjective in evaluating a client and must leave a compassionate and understanding attitude to a client. e. Follow up – It is very important to make a client feel the concern of a counsellor to help him not just as a client but as a person or more as a friend. 2. Five terms in excellence and discuss why they are important to you. a. Never! Never! Never! Give up! I always believe that in journey to excellence will never be complete without disappointments and failures. The greatest glory is not in ever falling but in still standing despite all the obstacles that life may bring. Those people who do not commit mistakes are those who do not do anything at all. b. Attitude – Talent may bring us up in the heights of success but our attitude will make us stay there. Â  c. Dream! Excellent people are dreamers. They have their own invisible blueprints written in their hearts and minds that only them can see and they live each day believing and doing it. d. Afflicted. How can one claim victory without fighting a war? We should accept afflictions as though we are body builders who treat the burdens of weights as something that can build them not hurt them. e. Continued on. Quitters never win and winners never quit. No one can limit us. It is us who are limiting ourselves. Let not trials stop us! The earth is experiencing a lot of destructions each day but it never stopped.