British Enlightenment

It is the realization of major reforms in life and its beliefs occurred during the age of enlightment which was a short period in our human history when thinkers gave realistic recognition of the sad human state and condition and giving optimism to a new set of ideas. (Roy P. 35) These set of ideas question tradition the very basis of pre conceived thoughts of the past. The set of ideas also had an attitude within themselves, which did a way with beliefs and justified modernism (Roy P.  50)The British Enlightenment The British enlightenment was a movement which started about the year 1680 and it is believed to have ended in the year 1820. This was a time and age which many philosophers and thinkers thought of ways to cope with challenges faced like ignorance and superstition. (Gregory C. 114) It was characterized by much scientific and intellectual accomplishment. It was the age of great thinkers.The British enlightenment was a movement which in many ways named itself since the thi nkers and writers thought they were more enlightened than the general population at that time, since most of them were poor and lived in rural settings and thus the thinkers set out to enlighten them. (Roy P. 43) But the British enlightenment did not start from within, it was influenced by the greater Europe which had been undergoing â€Å"Enlightenment† the greatest influence on Britain was the Scottish and the French enlightenment which had started a little earlier than the British enlightenment.(Burke, P. 55) But also the British overthrowing their king earlier in the 17th century creating an opening for democracy and Protestantism started the French and the Scottish enlightenment. The British enlightenment was commonly referred to, as empiricism in Britain since the main characteristics of enlightenment namely search for knowledge and defiance of tradition were not so visible due to their social conditions. Nonetheless the things mainly targeted for change were hereditary aristocracy and religion especially Catholicism. (Gregory C.116) This period of enlightenment in Britain was characterized by rise in intellectual life, which brought improvement in Britain’s key sector of agriculture. More ways of maximizing output were realized thus reduced famine commonly experienced after every eight to nine years. The economy also advanced due to this and more people moved to urban areas in such of prosperity especially London which had close to a million people at the time. (Gregory C. 112) There were also a growing number of people who believed in science and disciplined reason.There was also a chance for common people to explore fanatism and passions, which were earlier, deprived by traditions and beliefs. Enlightenment had its benefits but had its fair share of downfalls. Due to increasing urban population, citizens drank and gambled causing a decay of morals and family values, streets were filled with prostitutes and people had lack of respect to v alues once strongly upheld. (Gregory C. 112) Thinkers like John Locke and David Hume led this revolution.They believed that humanity was deeply inclined to emotion than reason thus sparking a wave of people who believed less in magic or supernatural things but more on the power of human reasoning. Enlightenment though welcomed openly in Europe especially in England, Scotland and France had its enemies most prolific being Karl Marx the founder of maxim or better known as socialism. It also led to uprisings like the French Revolution but all these did not deter the British from being enlightened thus forming the basis of capitalism and a new era.(Gregory C. 113) Conclusion The enlightenment is mostly viewed as an anomaly in our history when people believed perfect societies would be built in a matter of reasoning, sense and tolerating each other. But these infatuations can never be realized since religion is a key mover in modern society and still has a strong following of disciples w ho believe in supernatural beings and customary beliefs. Superstition is still a major setback in the enlightening of people.But enlightenment is still alive with us with the human rights activism and belief in pursuing your passion and fanatism without fear of authority but belief in human equality and prosperity Thus nobody is left out when fighting for there rights even in minorities like the poor or disabled. Though the brief enlightening era is long gone there are still a few enlightenment pioneers in the modern age who believe in human knowledge and prosperity without fear of authority but belief in human equality and prosperity, to this day the British still concerned with the affairs of politics and morality with intensity.(Burke, P. 66) Works Cited Burke, Peter. Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe. New York: Harper and Row, 1978. 23-67 Gregory Claeys: Utopias of the British Enlightenment, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought: Cambridge University Press, 19 94 112-118 Roy Porter: The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment: New York: Norton, 2000. 34-56

Product & Company Overview: Nestle Essay

Nescafe is a brand of instant coffee made by Nestle. The name is a combination of the words â€Å"Nestle† and â€Å"cafe†, in which â€Å"Nes-† means magic and â€Å"-cafe† means coffee. Nestle’s flagship powdered coffee product was introduced in Switzerland on April 1, 1938 after being developed for 7-8 years by Max Rudolf Morgenthaler, a Swiss food chemist considered to be inventor of Nescafe. Nescafe’s roots can be traced back to the 1930s. In the United States, the Nescafe name was used on its products until the 1960s. Later, Nestle introduced a new brand in the US called â€Å"Taster’s Choice†, which supplanted Nescafe for many years. Taster’s Choice was also introduced into Canada at the same time, and continues to be sold as a separate product, branded as superior to Nescafe, and is higher priced. With more than 4,600 cups consumed every second, Nestle’s Nescafe is by far the world’s leading coffee brand, and also the fourth most valuable beverage brand globally after Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Budweiser. Interbrand ranks it as the world’s top 40 brands, with an estimated value of over $10.65bn. Nescafe’s global profile has been modernized by a move into iced beverages, but its more traditional hot soluble business still has one major obstacle to overcome: the dominance of roast and ground coffees in the US and its growing popularity in other developed markets. Nestle’s attempts to compete directly with ground coffee producers proved unsatisfactory, but instead the group has established a new benchmark for premium coffees with its successful Nespresso dispensing system to build on the normal Nescafe vending machines. Nestle follows a region specific marketing strategy, housing different brands of instant coffee under the umbrella brand Nescafe. ii.Analyze the category 1.Aggregate market factors a.Market Size Coffee is worth over $100 billion worldwide. This puts coffee ahead of commodities like natural gas, gold, brent oil, sugar and corn. The term soluble coffee encompasses spray-dried powder, freeze-dried powder and liquefied forms of coffee such as liquid concentrates. All of these methods of processing involve dehydrating brewed roasted and ground coffee. The freeze-dried method produces a superior but more expensive product. The  world consumption of soluble coffee is rising relatively strongly after a number of years of stagnation, expanding from 21.4 million bags (green bean equivalent) in 1999 to 29.9 million bags in 2009. Globally Nestle and Kraft Foods account for around 75% of the world market, with Nestle alone supplying over half the world demand for instant coffee. According to the ICO (International Coffee Organization), emerging markets consumed 27.9m 60kg bags of coffee in 2012, compared with 25.4m the previous year. b.Growth The hot drinks market in Asia has traditionally been dominated by tea consumption rather than coffee. However, in recent years, the Asian coffee market has increasingly become the focus of the world coffee industry. Since 1990, Asia has experienced the most dynamic growth in coffee consumption in the world, growing by an average rate of 4% per annum, increasing to 4.9% since the year 2000. As such, the region is of increasing interest to the coffee sector, both for producers and consumers, and represents a significant potential market for the coffee industry. Coffee consumption in the region has been growing strongly over time, more than doubling from 8.4 million 60kg bags in 1990 to 19.5 million bags in 2012. This represents an average growth rate of 3.9% per annum. Furthermore, the share of East and Southeast Asia in world coffee consumption has also been increasing, accounting for 13.8% of the world total in 2012, up from 9.4% in 1990 and 10.9% in 2000. Consumption growth in many Asian countries has been driven primarily by demand for Robusta coffee, which is used in soluble coffee and ready-to-drink products such as 3-in-1 mixes (coffee with whitener and sweetener) or 4-in-1 preparations (coffee with whitener, sugar and flavourings or dietary additions). Nestle continues to lead coffee with a value share of 38% in 2013, mainly due to its long-established presence in instant coffee. Nestle’s brands including Nescafe Classic and Nescafe Sunrise enjoy huge popularity amongst consumers. The company also enjoys countrywide distribution and a widespread presence in all retail formats, including hypermarkets. Nestle also sells small single sachets of instant coffee priced at Rs 2-5, which is considered affordable. Sachets are quite popular amongst consumers in rural areas and tier three cities, as well as with consumers who only consume coffee occasionally.

The Impact of Globalization and the Internet Presents Real

The topic of globalization has become a hotly contested debate over the past two decades. Indeed, the increased integration of international economies have led to costs to some and benefits to others. These costs and benefits are a result of three effects of globalization, that is, expanded markets, cheaper resources or a combination of the two. Firstly, from the business perspective, one effect of globalization is that of expanded markets. This means that a business that had previously only sold its goods domestically can start selling products to other countries and this can increase their profit potential.Secondly, another consequence of bilateral trade agreements is the access to cheaper resources. Until the start of the 1990's, the People's Republic of China was largely closed off to the rest of the world. Many companies in the United States produced their goods either domestically or in areas with slightly less expensive labor. When China opened its market to the rest of the wo rld, however, American companies were able to take advantage of the far cheaper labor.This is known as outsourcing. Cheaper labor contributes to cheaper costs, which in turn contributes to larger profits. Sometimes, but not always, this may also mean cheaper products and services. Finally, International development, as a consequence of globalization, arises out of a combination of both expanded markets as well as cheaper resources. A prime example of this is India. Before the late 90s, the information technology sector in India was largely in its infancy stage.However, coupled with an educated yet inexpensive workforce, foreign companies were able to start subsidiaries of high tech activities in cities like Bangalore. This technological know-how spread to local firms, who in turn grew as a result of expanded markets both in India as well as the rest of the world. More and more organizations are getting hooked into the Internet. They use the Internet to promote and sell their product s and services, provide customer support, deliver training, and share corporate information with clients, employees, and customers.Businesses have found that the Internet is a powerful tool to help keep their employees and customers connected. In Vietnam, many organizations know to take advantages of globalization and internet to manage their operations. However, to survive in a competitive environment, they must understand in depth the strategic planning with the support of two above factors. Strategic planning is an organization’s process of defining its strategy , or direction, and making decision on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy.In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position and the possible avenues through which it can pursue a particular course of action. Generally, strategic planning deals with at least one of three key questions: 1. â€Å"What do we do? † 2. â€Å"For whom do we do it? † 3. â€Å"How do we excel? † With the aid of Internet, firms can use high technology to access the external situation analysis, supplier markets and labor markets. In addition, they can easily find the database of competitors on the internet to design the attractive policy and prices for their own companies.References list: Wheelen, T. L. , & Hunger, J. D. (2012). Concepts in strategic management and business policy (13th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Myatt, M. (2011). The impact of globalization on business. Retrieved from: http://www. n2growth. com/blog/the-impact-of-globalization-on-business/ Green , J. (2011). How Does Globalization Affect an Organization's Business Approach? Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/globalization-affect-organizations-business-approach-20077. html

Financial Compensations for Olympic Medalists

Since time immemorial winning an Olympic medal was perceived as the pinnacle of the attainments of any athlete's career. In our times it has become a commonplace for those winning to receive monetary rewards and life-long forms of compensation for their endeavors. However,these practices have been at the forefront of numerous debates as they are considered to be undermining the true Olympic spirit.Many embrace the idea of financial incentives. One reason for this is the fact that Olympic athletes devote their lives to their sport in hopes of being the best in the world. No matter how talented or driven an athlete,however,they must train for many hours day to day to perfect their skills and be in a phenomenal physical shape,consequently they neglect other fundamental aspects of their ordinary lives.Furthermore,those who aspire to acquire an Olympic medal have a multitude of running living and sport related expenses without having a steady income from their profession. What is more,som e people share the notion that financial rewards significantly impact their motivation to reach the Olympic podium. On the other hand,there are those who oppose to such compensations. They claim that athletes should compete for pride and desire for glory and prestige a medal will bring to their nation.Additionally since the elimination of amateurism in the Olympic Games,athletes are often funded to train through corporate sponsors and endorsement deals,hence,they receive considerable sums of money and in return the company receives publicity. It is often seen even whole teams competing while wearing a company's logo in exchange for financial support,closely resembling and employer-employee relationship. Last but not least they point out some unfortunate events that most us have witnessed,the use of performance enhancing drugs.Having seen many Olympic medalists being stripped of their medals after doping scandal outbreak they believe that monetary rewards undermine the nature of Olym pic Games which ought to be governed by fair play,ethics and morality. By and large,it seems that people have a good reason to be dismissive of the notion of athletes receiving financial aid by their governments since it is obvious that it poses motive for malpractice for some. On a personal level I feel that we should enliven the original Olympic spirit and let the rewards be symbolic and not materialistic.

Political Kuwait before and after oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Kuwait before and after oil - Essay Example Prior to the discovery of oil in Kuwait, their political structure was that different political classes were indebted to one another. This included the pearl divers, the captains, the merchants, the international merchants, and the ruling family, including the Sheikh. The entire political and governance structure was supported by debt that could not be rapid due to its amount. This, however, changed with discovery of oil as the government began to distribute wealth deliberately among all its recognized citizens. Kuwait also became a welfare state, while money was also funneled into the private sector through land purchases from the government at inflated prices (Slot 106). This worked to wipe out almost all debts owed by citizens. Prior to the discovery of oil, the Sheikh in Kuwait carried out all the executive functions of government, including the arbitration of disputes, using customary rules. Those disputes that he felt were covered under Sharia law were sent to the judges, although this was only to allow him make an informed and just decision (Slot 102). For this reason, it was important that the ruler availed himself to the people through open Majlis that enabled them to present grievances and disputes directly to the ruler. However, with the discovery of oil, government work expanded rapidly to include numerous agencies as required. The machinery of government diversified to include the Supreme Council that was constituted by various heads of government agencies. The Supreme Council became almost like a Politburo in that it reflected sharing of power among individuals linked to the ruling family, while the Amir’s continued absence from its sittings gave it a level of independence despite his con tinued chairmanship. In a further change to political structure away from the centralized figure of the Amir, the Organizing Body was formed to reform government

The problems faced by dependent people Research Paper

The problems faced by dependent people - Research Paper Example Thes is statement: The discussion based on the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck proves that both the dependent people with issues and their caretakers/companions are forced to face serious problems like rejection, isolation, unexpected troubles, emotional trauma, and unfulfilled dreams. One can see that rejection is one among the problems faced by dependent people/caretakers in the mainstream society. To be specific, the main characters in the novel face rejection because they were migrant laborers. Besides, Lennie Small, one of the main characters faced rejection in the society because he was not a normal individual. He used to depend upon others to lead normal life in the society. On the other hand, his friend and protector, named George Milton, faced the problem of rejection because he used to support Lennie. So, both the characters face the same problem of rejection. Michael J. Meyer states that, â€Å"But there is another dimension alongside in Of Mice and Men that implies a moral universe in which the strong are not to be praised for their oppression of the weak (as in the case of Lennie and Candy) or different. One can see that rejection based on one’s abnormal behavior or supporting the same cannot be justified because an abnormal individual is not responsible for his/her deeds. Instead, his/her abnormal behavior is related to the improper functioning of human brain. In the novel, George is aware of the fact that the society treats Lennie as an outcast because he is an abnormal individual. ... So, George decides to be the caretaker of Lennie. But this did not change the cruel behavior of the people towards Lennie. One can see that Lennie was so innocent that he did not provide any importance to the rejection faced by him in the society. Instead, he considered George a father figure and depended upon him. On the other side, rejection deeply influenced Georges mind because he was aware of the after-effect of rejection. Catherine Reef states that, â€Å"George now understands that being responsible for Lennie means protecting other people from his bearish strength† (66). But he did not decide to abandon Lennie because he was aware of the fact that Lennie cannot lead a peaceful/normal life without a supporter. So, one can see that rejection in the society forced the main characters to think about future and fight against the odd happenings in their lives. Besides, the novel exposes the far-reaching effect of rejection because both the main characters are portrayed as vi ctims of the same. Within the context of the problems faced by the dependent people and their caretakers, rejection leads to isolation in the society. One can see that some of the dependent people are aware of their mental defects. So, they decide to keep away themselves from other individuals. They gradually reject the society and lead lonely lives. On the other side, some other dependent people are not aware of the fact that the society provides less importance to the problems faced by them. They never realize that they need support to lead peaceful lives. Within the context of the novel, Lennie is not aware of the fact that the society considers him as an abnormal individual. Instead, he tries to deal with others in an innocent way. But this innocence added with abnormality results in a

Denial-of-service attack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Denial-of-service attack - Essay Example There are a number of network activities which people carry out in order to prevent users from working with a particular website or virtual organization effectively. Denial-of-service attacks are not a new phenomenon in the technological industry. These attacks are launched to slowdown or affect the smooth running of a particular website. These attacks are really troublesome for the users who have an immediate need to launch a website and retrieve information or process a transaction online (Morley & Parker 2009, pp. 383-384). Such attacks are, hence, widely discussed by researchers and the debate relating to the causes, effects and prevention of such attacks has been continuously given attention. This paper aims to analyze the causes, effects and reasons behind denial-of-service attacks. Denial-of-attack refers to a situation created by an attacker with an aim to stop or make difficult for the legitimate users from accessing the information they require or using services offered onl ine (Komar et. Al., 2003, p. 99). An attacker may affect the performance of the network or the computer system of the user or the computers and network of the website that the user is trying to get access to (Zhang, Zheng & Ma 2008 p. 588). An attacker may be able to stop users from getting access to the emails, chat databases, websites, online services like banking, online educational websites etc and so on (Vacca 2007 p. 238). It is important to understand the ways in which an attacker manipulates or worsens the situation of the network and its working abilities. The most common method used by attackers of Denial-of-service attack is the use of massive amounts of information to slow down the network. The ‘flood’ of information or massive requests for access to a site for viewing the information uploaded there, prevents a number of legitimate users from gaining access (Das & Gulati 2004, p. 214). Servers are designed to process a limited number of access requests or in formation